瓦状塞式喷管的设计和试验分析

为了分析瓦状塞式喷管的气动特性,提出轴对称内喷管和塞锥的型面设计方法,设计了两单元的模型发动机,内喷管面积比为5.81,总面积比为24.36、29.43、33.88、37.58。采用高压空气为介质对模型发动机进行冷流试验,分析内喷管倾角和底部二次流变化、以及有无底部盖板对推力性能和底部压强的影响情况。介绍了试验发动机的结构与设计参数,给出了试验模型照片、测量参数曲线和性能数据处理。结果表明：瓦状塞式喷管模型的高度补偿效果较为明显,在整个工作高度有较高的推力系数效率,20°模型的最高效率为96%;底部压强曲线反映出了底部气动特性由开放状态到闭合的转变过程;内喷管倾角增大,底部压强增大即增加底部推力,但存在一个优化性能的最佳倾角;底部加入二次流可以增加底部压强,提高性能,但其影响范围在1%～2%,少量的二次流对增加性能的效果较好;底部盖板会影响底部的气动特性,底部压强是否受环境压强的影响取决于底部处于开放或闭合状态。     

共轴式双旋翼尾迹流场的水洞PIV测量

采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术,对共轴式双旋翼在悬停和以不同前进比前飞时的流场进行水洞实验.将激光片光定位于旋翼的纵向截面,桨叶的方位角和图像的获取是同步的.测量得到了旋翼流场的瞬时涡量和速度分布、桨尖涡的结构和脱落轨迹、悬停时的尾迹边界收缩和前飞时的尾迹边界倾斜角等.研究了不同状态下共轴式双旋翼流场的气动干扰特性.为了比较,对单旋翼也进行了同样的测量.实验得到了有价值的结果,对共轴式直升机的气动计算和合理设计具有重要意义.      

小流量下转静系盘腔传热特性

采用热敏液晶(TLC)瞬态传热实验技术对小流量下的中心进气转静系盘腔传热特性进行研究,介绍了同步触发拍摄系统,考察了流量与转速变化对动盘面传热的影响.结果表明:在所研究工况范围内,流量变化对动盘面中低半径处传热影响较大,对高半径处影响较小;转速升高使动盘面传热效果整体增强;当湍流流动参数较小时,动盘面中高半径区域努塞尔数随半径增大而增大;采用湍流流动参数对动盘面平均努塞尔数进行归纳,实验结果与雷诺相似分析结果的偏差小于15%,一定程度上验证了雷诺相似对转静盘腔传热问题的适用性.      

GEO SAR长合成孔径时间弯曲轨迹成像试验

地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达（GEO SAR）具有重访周期短,观测范围广等优点,在军事及民用领域具有重要的应用价值。针对GEO SAR长合成孔径时间弯曲轨迹复杂成像特性,首次提出一种地面演示验证方法,对长合成孔径时间弯曲轨迹下成像可行性进行验证。给出长合成孔径时间弯曲轨迹定量分析过程,提出具体试验方案,最后角反射器成像品质评估结果表明可实现长合成孔径时间弯曲轨迹下目标点成像。     

Severe disruption of the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules in a human macrophageal cell line in microgravity—Results of an in vitro experiment on board of the Shenzhou-8 space mission

During spaceflight the immune system is one of the most affected systems of the human body. During the SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) mission on Shenzhou-8, we investigated microgravity-associated long-term alterations in macrophageal cells, the most important effector cells of the immune system. We analyzed the effect of long-term microgravity on the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules. Human U937 cells were differentiated into a macrophageal phenotype and exposed to microgravity or 1g on a reference centrifuge on-orbit for 5 days. After on-orbit fixation, the samples were analyzed with immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy after landing. The unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft was launched on board a Long March 2F (CZ-2F) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) and landed after a 17-day-mission. We found a severely disturbed actin cytoskeleton, disorganized tubulin and distinctly reduced expression of CD18, CD36 and MHC-II after the 5 days in microgravity. The disturbed cytoskeleton, the loss of surface receptors for bacteria recognition, the activation of T lymphocytes, the loss of an important scavenger receptor and of antigen-presenting molecules could represent a dysfunctional macrophage phenotype. This phenotype in microgravity would be not capable of migrating or recognizing and attacking pathogens, and it would no longer activate the specific immune system, which could be investigated in functional assays. Obviously, the results have to be interpreted with caution as the model system has some limitations and due to numerous technical and biological restrictions (e.g. 23 °C and no CO₂ supply during in-flight incubation). All parameter were carefully pre-tested on ground. Therefore, the experiment could be adapted to the experimental conditions available on Shenzhou-8.     

偏二甲肼液滴燃烧特性及影响因素实验研究

设计了一套密闭环境液滴燃烧实验系统,开展了不同实验工况下偏二甲肼(UDMH)液滴在四氧化二氮(NTO)环境中的着火燃烧实验,详细分析了UDMH单液滴着火燃烧特性,考察了燃烧室温度、压力、液滴初始直径及速度对燃烧过程的影响。结果表明,液滴燃烧经历了初始燃烧阶段,剧烈燃烧阶段和熄燃阶段3个过程。其中,初始燃烧阶段和熄燃阶段的持续时间均较长。燃烧过程中,燃烧火焰呈现出明显的双火焰峰结构,内层为规则的椭圆形分解火焰峰,外层为带有尾迹火焰的扩散火焰峰。增加燃烧室温度促使液滴表面与内部的燃料快速蒸发,形成了充足的燃料蒸气环境,有助于液滴的着火燃烧;燃烧室压力的增加加快了反应速度,减少了液滴生存时间;增大液滴下落速度导致液滴表面蒸发流率得到增强,更易产生足够的燃料蒸气,促进燃烧的进行,从而有助于液滴生存时间的减小。     

Advances of Microgravity Sciences

Advances of microgravity sciences in China are introduced. The research works include ground-based study and space experiments. In the recent years, the main means still are theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, ground-based experiment, and short-time microgravity experiments of drop tower. Besides, many space experiment projects are arranged. SJ-10 recoverable satellite will carry out 19 scientific experiment projects. Nine of them are for microgravity Sciences. The other ways for space microgravity experiment are with the help of Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft, Chinese Tiangong space laboratory, and Chinese space station in the near future. The Chinese space station will become main platform of Chinese microgravity sciences experiment in space.      

APS星敏感器太阳照射影响分析及试验验证

针对APS星敏感器在轨过程中太阳照射问题进行了研究,分析了太阳照射对星敏感器功能和性能的影响,设计了太阳照射相关的试验及验证方案,最后给出了相关试验过程和试验验证结果,明确了分析及试验结论.通过分析和试验结果表明:紫外辐照试验对光学系统透过率无明显影响,且影响在APS星敏感器灵敏度余量范围内;在轨太阳照射对APS星敏感器探测器及整机的功能和性能无影响.相关分析和试验数据可作为星敏感器后续改进设计的依据和参考.     

火焰稳定器相对参数对水冲压发动机燃烧及其内流场的影响

在水冲压发动机燃烧室中设置钝体火焰稳定器,可使部分已燃高温燃烧产物在火焰稳定器后部的回流区内不断点燃新鲜的可燃混合物,从而实现稳定高效燃烧。通过改变火焰稳定器相对金属燃料入口高度及相对一次进水位置,对比分析了相对入口高度和相对一次进水位置两种不同相对参数对于燃烧室内掺混、燃烧以及火焰稳定效果的影响。结果表明:当相对高度$H>\mathrm{1}$时,燃烧火焰无法稳定在回流区。当火焰稳定器相对位置不变时,在一定范围内,随着相对高度$H$减小,火焰稳定效果增加,且存在较优的相对高度($H=\mathrm{1}$)使燃烧室内的掺混效率和火焰稳定效果较好。当保持相对高度$H=\mathrm{1}$不变的情况下,综合考虑火焰稳定效果、铝/水掺混效率以及发动机工作性能,$L=\mathrm{0.5}$是较为理想的火焰稳定器相对位置。      

Experimental investigation of thermal effect on cavitation characteristics in a liquid rocket engine turbopump inducer

The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of water temperature on cavitation characteristics in a turbopump inducer, a series of experiments at different temperatures have been conducted in a newly developed visualization test facility. It is found that higher temperature shows little influence on the non-cavitation performance and breakdown characteristic in the investigated range. The relationship between cavitation development and pressure fluctuation has been discussed in detail. Higher temperature displays a remarkable stabilization effect on the cavitation excited pressure. In particular, the inception cavitation numbers of both the super-synchronous rotating cavitation and synchronous rotating cavitation are decreased at higher temperatures, and the corresponding frequencies are not affected, while the amplitudes are distinctly reduced, and the occurrence range of synchronous rotating cavitation is significantly narrowed. A generalized Rayleigh-Plesset equation has been employed to account for the thermal effect on the bubble development, which may provide a deep insight in understanding the experimental results. Thermal effect is found to act as a remarkable dissipation mechanism to suppress the bubble growth, smooth the collapse. In particular, the excited pressure during collapse is smaller at higher temperatures, which may lead to the stabilization effect of high temperature in this study.