Variations of geomagnetic cutoff rigidity in the southern hemisphere close to 70°W (South-Atlantic Anomaly and Antarctic zones) in the period 1975–2010

We report the existence of rapid variations in (effective) geomagnetic cutoff rigidity (Rc) between the equatorial and Antarctic zones adjacent to the Andes Mountains, revealed by the variation rate of geomagnetic cutoff rigidity (VRc) in the period 1975–2010. Our analysis is based on empirical records and theoretical models of the variations in cosmic rays and on the structure of geomagnetic fields. These have given us a different view of variations in Rc in time and space along the 70°W meridian, where secular variations in the geomagnetic field are strongly influenced by the proximity of the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA), one of the most important characteristics of the terrestrial magnetic field that affects our planet, close from the equator to the 50°S parallel and from South America to South Africa. The VRc presents rapid changes in mid-latitudes where SAMA exerts its influence despite the existence of smooth changes in the geomagnetic field. This shows that these changes occur mainly in the spatial configuration, rather than in the temporal evolution of Rc. The analysis was performed using measurements from the Chilean Network of Cosmic Rays and Geomagnetism Observatories, equipped with BF-3 and latest generation He-3 neutron monitors, Fluxgate magnetometers, geomagnetic reference field (IGRF) and Tsyganenko 2001 model (just for completeness).     

针栓式喷注单元雾化角模型分析

为了实现不同径向孔形的针栓式喷注器雾化角的准确预测，从动量守恒方程出发建立了液膜撞击液膜和液膜撞击液束的雾化角理论修正模型。对于液膜撞击液膜的喷注单元，模型中通过理论推导引入了2个变形因子，将撞击的几何变形效应与雾化角关联；对于液膜撞击液束，通过引入阻塞率定义有效撞击动量比，同时将液束入口孔形的影响隐含考虑在变形因子中，最后根据高速摄影试验结果和数值仿真结果获得了对应的变形因子组合系数，使得新的雾化角模型适应性更广、准确性更高。结果表明：引入变形因子和阻塞率的理论模型预测值与试验及数值仿真结果吻合很好；对于液膜撞击液膜，变形因子基本维持在0.9~1.1，根据试验结果及仿真结果，变形因子推荐值为C₁=0.99和C₂=1.06；对于液膜撞击液束，变形因子推荐值为C₁=0.75和C₂=1.25。该模型根据实际出口的轴向动量和合成总动量计算雾化角，隐含考虑了撞击作用造成的影响，较根据撞击前入口的轴向动量和合成总动量计算雾化角的常用模型预测值准确度显著提高，为针栓式喷注器的理论研究和工程设计提供了重要参考。     

速率转台的角速率不确定度评定方法

利用不确定度的理论来评定速率转台的角速率不确定度。     

测速元对弹道定位精确度的影响

对于弹道参数的数据融合问题,过去一般只考虑了多个测距元情况下,弹道位置参数精确度的改善.自从文[1]提出了测速定轨的原理和计算方法以及文[2]利用测速元诊断测距元的测量系统误差以后,使人们对测量系统中测速元的作用有了新的认识.讨论了在主体为测距元的测量系统中,若有一个或若干测速元,这些测量元素对弹道位置参数精确度的影响.结果表明测速元能显著提高弹道参数的精确度.     

全球精密单点定位性能评估

随着中国北斗三号卫星导航系统（BDS-3）全面建成与开通，北斗卫星导航系统已步入了新发展阶段，基于BDS-3实现全方位、多层次、高精度应用已成为地学研究中一项基本任务。利用全球最新均匀分布的10个MGEX跟踪站，分别从24 h内接收到的卫星数、卫星位置精度因子（PDOP）、卫星数据解算完整率和双频非组合精密单点定位（PPP）静态/动态定位精度等方面系统深入地评估了BDS-3在全球范围内的可用性。结果表明，测站对卫星跟踪能力与配备的接收机类型和区域位置有强相关性，单BDS-3卫星在全球范围内具有较强的连续定位能力，当使用SEPT POLARX5和JAVAD TRE_3接收机的情况下，数据解算完整率可达100%。此外，水平方向和高程方向定位精度分别优于2 cm和3 cm，并且在联合使用BDS-2和BDS-3定位的条件下，可使得静态定位精度在东、北和高程方向进一步提升37.6%,25.3%和38.9%。     

Tightly closed ecological systems reveal atmospheric subtleties – experience from Biosphere 2

Processes which produce slow changes in air composition in a closed ecological system (CES) may not be noticed if the leak rate of the CES is significant. Dilution of the system’s air with outside air can mask these processes. A tightly closed CES provides the opportunity for slow changes to accumulate over time and be observed and measured. Biosphere 2 (volume 200,000 m³) had a low leak rate of less than 10 percent per year. Oxygen declined slowly at varying rates reflecting seasonal influences, which averaged to about 140 ppm per day during the first 16 months of the two-year closure. Computer simulations of the observed rate of oxygen loss combined with other hypothetical leak rates suggest that the decline would have been hidden by a leak rate as low as one percent per day. Sealing Biosphere 2 involved rigorous design specifications and inclusion of two expansion chambers (called “lungs”) to accommodate expansion/contraction of the atmosphere, which enabled limiting the pressure difference between inside and outside atmospheres to the range of ±8 Pa (0.08 mBar). Measurement of leak rate was by two methods: the first, measuring the rate of deflation of the lungs while holding a constant elevated pressure differential enabled calculation of an estimated leak rate within the usual operating pressure differential range; the second was to measure the progressive dilution of trace gases spiked into the atmosphere. Both methods confirmed leakage to be less than 10 percent per year. Operational data from the 40 m³ Laboratory Biosphere is used to illustrate how normal variations of temperature, humidity and barometric pressure would combine to force leakage and rapidly dilute the internal atmosphere if it were not equipped with a lung. It is demonstrated that very high degrees of closure for a CES enable experimental observation of small imbalances in atmospheric cycles or slow accumulation of trace gases that could otherwise be masked by dilution with atmosphere external to the CES.     

基于视线角速率的最优增量制导技术研究

提出一种基于视线角速率最优的制导方案。方案从最优控制的性能指标函数出发,通过求解一个Riccati方程和相关约束条件,并对系统进行一系列的相关的理想化的假设,得到系统的一般形式的制导指令。同时,为了避免制导指令在正负之间的频繁切换,根据偏置比例制导的原理,在制导指令中引入一个制导指令的增量,来减轻这一问题,并与传统的比例制导进行比较。仿真结果表明,这种制导方法相对于比例制导律而言,精度较高,性能优良,具有一定工程参考意义。     

Is there an instrumental drift in the counting rate of some high latitude neutron monitors?

For the last six decades the neutron monitors have provided a continuous string of very reliable data to the heliophysics community. Although neutron monitors are not the primary source of data for the galactic cosmic rays, these data serve as a baseline reference for the data collected by the detectors on board the satellites and deep space probes, far away from earth orbit. The pressure corrected hourly data are available from the World Data Centers. These data have been used to derive deep insights pertaining to the electromagnetic states of the heliosphere and the modes of transport of energetic charged particles in the tangled interplanetary magnetic fields. We present evidence that some of the high latitude neutron monitors are undergoing long-term drifts in their baselines. In particular, we argue that there is no physical basis to justify the observed long-term downward trend in the baseline of the South Pole neutron monitor. The real reason may have to do with its maintenance at a distant location with challenging logistics and an improper normalization of its data after the 26 months break in the 1970s.     

天津市宏观税收负担问题实证分析

采用计量分析方法对天津市1978～2005年数据区间的财政收入与经济总量、宏观税负与经济增长之间的关系进行研究。在结合天津市经济发展、税收增长、产业结构变化等实际情况的基础上，试图通过揭示变量之间的数量关系来印证和探寻天津市宏观税负与地区经济发展之间的关系。发现改革开放以来，天津总体税负适度，宏观税负呈下降趋势，但滨海新区的开发将为天津提供充足的税源，因而宏观税负会有所回升；20世纪90年代以来，天津第三产业发展迅速，第三产业对经济的贡献度与宏观税负的变化呈正向反应机制，而第二产业对GDP的贡献比重总体呈下降趋势；与其他直辖市相比，天津的宏观税负水平居于中游。     

30CrMnSiA钢连接座超塑性等温精锻技术的研究

 <正> 超塑性等温锻造作为新工艺自70年代以来,已在航空航天、机械电子、轻工行业等得到推广应用。长时间内,国内主要在钛合金、铝合金等工业材料上开展了成形研究和应用。本文则对高强度30CrMnSiA钢连接座件进行了超塑性等温成形工艺试验,并在钢的超细化预处理和变形中组织结构变化等研究的基础上进行成形工艺的研究。