New insights into SNR evolution revealed by the discovery of recombining plasmas

We report the discovery of recombining plasmas in three supernova remnants (SNRs) with the Suzaku X-ray astronomy satellite. During SNR’s evolution, the expanding supernova ejecta and the ambient matter are compressed and heated by the reverse and forward shocks to form an X-ray emitting hot plasma. Since ionization proceeds slowly compared to shock heating, most young or middle-aged SNRs have ionizing (underionized) plasmas. Owing to high sensitivity of Suzaku, however, we have detected radiative recombination continua (RRCs) from the SNRs IC 443, W49B, and G359.1–0.5. The presence of the strong RRC is the definitive evidence that the plasma is recombining (overionized). As a possible origin of the overionization, an interaction between the ejecta and dense circumstellar matter is proposed; the highly ionized gas was made at the initial phase of the SNR evolution in dense regions, and subsequent rapid adiabatic expansion caused sudden cooling of the electrons. The analysis on the full X-ray band spectrum of IC 443, which is newly presented in this paper, provides a consistent picture with this scenario. We also comment on the implications from the fact that all the SNRs having recombining plasmas are correlated with the mixed-morphology class.     

Variable stiffness design of redundantly actuated planar rotational parallel mechanisms

Redundantly actuated planar rotational parallel mechanisms (RAPRPMs) adapt to the requirements of robots under different working conditions by changing the antagonistic internal force to tune their stiffness. The geometrical parameters of the mechanism impact the performances of modulating stiffness. Analytical expressions relating stiffness and geometrical parameters of the mechanism were formulated to obtain the necessary conditions of variable stiffness. A novel method of variable stiffness design was presented to optimize the geometrical parameters of the mechanism. The stiffness variation with the internal force was maximized. The dynamic change of stiffness with the dynamic location of the mechanism was minimized, and the robustness of stiff-ness during the motion of the mechanism was ensured. This new approach to variable stiffness design can enable off-line planning of the internal force to avoid the difficulties of on-line control of the internal force.     

The beginning of cosmic ray astrophysics

A short history of the beginning of cosmic ray (CR) astrophysics is considered: from the hypothesis on CR origin as a result of Supernova explosions in the Metagalaxy, to a model of solar origin of CR, galactic origin based on the stochastic mechanism of charged particle acceleration in interstellar space, to extragalactic and hierarchical models of CR origin, as well as galactic CR origin taking into account radio-astronomical data. We consider also the first balloon results on the chemical contents of primary CR (especially of the contents Li, Be, B), important for any model of CR origin. Investigations of the injection problem, CR drift and diffusion acceleration by shock waves, and CR generation in Supernova remnants were also important steps in the beginning of CR astrophysics.     

带弹性元件扑翼机构的动力学分析及实验

为研究扑翼飞行器传动机构的能量特性，以特拉华大学机械系统实验室所研制样机为原型进行了建模。引入气动项和拉力弹簧建立了完整的动力学模型。分析发现，气动项的力矩峰值为惯性项的4.8倍，对电机的转矩峰值的影响起主要作用。运用正交法进行仿真发现，引入拉力弹簧可以使电机转矩峰值最大降低77.5%，与理论分析相符合。进一步的物理实验验证了理论分析和仿真结果的正确性，并得到了当弹簧的连接点位置为185 mm、原长为200 mm及刚度为0.1 N/mm时实验结果取得最优值，可为扑翼机传动机构的优化设计提供依据。此外，引入弹性元件也可有效降低电机的转速波动，进而为仿生扑翼飞行器的生产和实践应用提供理论指导。     

环境效应和强化效果对300M超高强度钢疲劳性能的影响

研究了３００Ｍ超高强度钢螺纹滚压和未滚压试样在空气和３．５％ＮａＣｌ的水溶液中的疲劳性能。揭示了环境效应与强化效果的关系。实验发现，在ｆ＝１０Ｈｚ下，滚压件在盐水环境中和未滚压件在空气环境中的应力－寿命曲线之间存在一相交点。应力高于该相交点，强化效果起主导作用；低于该相交点，环境效应起主导作用。     

飞机起落架上位锁机构可靠性分析

对机构系统可靠性分析的典型方法进行了阐述，并以某国产民机的主起落架上位锁系统为例进行了功能可靠性性定量分析，此工程分析方法也适用于同类问题。     

重访机制驱动的多无人机协同动目标搜索方法

为实现多无人机高效捕获灰色任务区域内的移动目标,考虑传感器探测概率与虚警概率,提出了重访机制驱动的协同搜索规划（RMD-CSP）方法,以降低目标遗漏与误判概率。考虑无人机飞行性能约束,以最大化任务执行效能为目标建立多无人机协同搜索模型。根据目标先验信息初始化环境搜索信息图（包括目标概率分布图、环境不确定度图与环境搜索状态图）,利用无人机实时探测信息,基于贝叶斯准则持续更新搜索信息图。定制基于环境不确定度更新的重访机制,通过增加长时间未被重访区域的环境不确定度,引导无人机搜索该区域,降低移动目标的遗漏概率;定制基于目标函数权重更新的重访机制,引导无人机快速重访发现新的疑似目标的区域,对疑似目标进行再次确认,减少由于传感器虚警概率造成的目标误判概率。采用滚动时域规划架构,将搜索规划问题分解为一系列短时域规划问题,提升了求解效率。在典型任务想定下,通过数值仿真试验验证了所提方法的有效性。仿真结果表明,RMD-CSP能够在秒级时间内生成每个时域的搜索航迹,相比于光栅式搜索方法与标准的概率启发式搜索方法,能够引导无人机捕获更多的移动目标,同时减少误判次数,有效提升了多无人机协同搜索的任务效能。     

挤压强化技术在歼击机机翼油箱隔板延寿中的应用

1.引言 为确保某歼击机机翼油箱隔板达到规定的使用寿命,在对其疲劳关键部位——下耳片螺栓孔进行修理时采用挤压强化技术。为检验挤压强化的增寿效果,选取适当的挤压参数,采用4组模拟试件,第一组不进行挤压,标记为NCW;另三组分别用不同的挤压参数进行挤压强化,分别标记为CW_1、CW_2、CW_3,其挤压量依次为孔径的1.04％、1.23％     

沉淀硬化不锈钢用于一体化贮箱工艺技术研究

某液体火箭发动机一体化贮箱采用07Cr17Ni7Al沉淀硬化不锈钢作为壳体材料,由于总体减重需要,设计理论计算材料的机械性能指标超出常规国家标准值,在现有条件下,常规焊接及强化热处理工艺不能满足研制要求,为突破贮箱研制瓶颈,通过对材料自身性能及焊接性能进行多轮次的试验摸索,综合文献研究及材料自身性能选择3种强化热处理温度区间和2种热处理时机进行此种沉淀硬化不锈钢的工艺技术研究,以期寻找满足产品机械性能要求的合适工艺参数.经过分析试验数据,综合性能指标,筛选出满足设计要求的合适工艺参数.对用此工艺参数加工的贮箱产品进行液压爆破试验,爆破数据证明采用改进后的工艺参数制造出的一体化贮箱机械性能达到了设计指标要求.     

合金化及热处理对Fe_3Al合金组织和性能影响

研究了不同的热处理条件及添加Mn,Mo,Nb,Cr,V,RE（La-Ce）等合金元素对Fe3Al合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,Fe3Al合金在B2相区间保温淬火后的硬度值较小,在DO3相区短时间回火硬度值大幅增加,随回火时间延长硬度值呈降低趋势,在本实验的最长回火时间内（50h）硬度稍有提高;TEM分析表明,这与回火过程中DO3畴的尺寸变化有关;合金化后Cr和V的加入降低合金硬度,其它几种元素都提高了合金的硬度;SEM分析表明合金元素的作用机理不同：Cr软化了合金,Mo主要产生固溶强化,Mn、V、Nb加入后有第二相析出,RE元素主要偏析在晶界,细晶强化。