垂直/短矩起降飞机机翼内埋式风扇布局气动特性分析

以垂直/短距起降飞机过渡飞行状态为背景,针对机翼内埋式风扇布局的自由来流/风扇喷流混合型流动,基于结构/非结构混合网格使用CFD方法进行了非定常数值模拟和分析.首先使用滑移网格技术对NASA涵道螺旋桨进行算例验证,其时均计算结果与实验值的误差为5.3%,证明了计算方法的可靠性和准确性,然后数值模拟了机翼内埋式风扇布局在不同迎角下的气动性能.结果表明:风扇喷流在机翼上产生了特有的“抽吸”和“堵塞”效应,引起了机翼总升阻力的显著增加,升力最大增量达到干净机翼升力的2.6倍,阻力最大增量为干净机翼阻力的3.2倍,混合流场在机翼后缘引起了升力损失并卷起对涡.      

自由涡数值计算的参数影响分析

介绍了自由涡方法中多个参数的影响,包括桨叶离散段数、有弯度翼型的涡网格密度、尾迹的长度.从桨叶根部到桨尖采用分区离散,内段区域离散稀疏,桨尖区域离散细密,根部区域的离散密度对计算结果影响不大,桨尖区域的离散密度对计算结果影响较大;采用涡网格模拟有弯度的翼型,涡网格的密度对计算结果有较大影响,但密度过大对于计算精度提高影响不大.悬停和小速度前飞状态,取9圈自由涡尾迹就能够得到较好的计算结果,爬升和大速度前飞状态下,取7圈自由涡就能够得到足够的计算精度.在上述参数中,自由涡圈数对计算时间的影响最大.      

扰动形状对钝头体非对称流动的影响

通过在钝头体头部施加人工扰动块可以得到确定的大攻角下的非对称背涡结构。为了研究扰动块形状对非对称背涡结构的影响,本文在攻角50°、雷诺数Re_D=1.54×105的条件下,利用数值模拟对周向角90°、子午角10°的扰动位置的半球形、D型及方形3种扰动块形状分别进行了研究。研究发现在同一扰动位置,半球形扰动主控下的背涡结构为右涡型,而D型扰动和方形扰动主控下的背涡结构呈现左涡型,且方形扰动主控下的背涡结构的非对称性弱于其他2种扰动主控的非对称背涡。通过分析发现扰动块所引起的微流动直接影响钝头体非对称背涡结构。因此为了更精准地通过施加人工扰动得到确定的非对称背涡结构,应尽量选择形状简单、表面平滑过渡的扰动块形状。      

Generalized Kutta–Joukowski theorem for multi-vortex and multi-airfoil flow with vortex production——A general model

By using a special momentum approach and with the help of interchange between singularity velocity and induced flow velocity, we derive in a physical way explicit force formulas for twodimensional inviscid flow involving multiple bound and free vortices, multiple airfoils, and vortex production. These force formulas hold individually for each airfoil thus allowing for force decomposition, and the contributions to forces from singularities(such as bound and image vortices,sources, and doublets) and bodies out of an airfoil are related to their induced velocities at the locations of singularities inside this airfoil. The force contribution due to vortex production is related to the vortex production rate and the distance between each pair of vortices in production, thus frameindependent. The formulas are validated against a number of standard problems. These force formulas, which generalize the classic Kutta–Joukowski theorem(for a single bound vortex) and the recent generalized Lagally theorem(for problems without a bound vortex and vortex production) to more general cases, can be used to identify or understand the roles of outside vortices and bodies on the forces of the actual body, optimize arrangement of outside vortices and bodies for force enhancement or reduction, and derive analytical force formulas once the flow field is given or known.     

肋角度对气膜冷却特性的影响

在光滑二次流通道的基础上,分析对比了两种带肋通道(135°肋和45°肋)对气膜冷却特性的影响.采用瞬态液晶测试技术获得了气膜孔下游表面传热系数比与气膜冷却效率分布.使用Fluent软件RANS数值方法对相应结构进行了数值模拟,并使用了realizable k-ε湍流模型.光滑二次流通道模型中,气膜孔内流线呈螺旋状分布,导致较大的孔内速度分离与流动损失.冷气射流分成两部分,其中一股形成一对偏斜的对转涡.135°肋结构中,二次流通道上部分的旋转涡为顺时针方向,使得气流易于流入气膜孔,气膜孔内流线呈直线分布.45°肋结构中,二次流通道上部分旋转涡为逆时针方向,增强了气膜孔内旋转涡.45°肋结构中冷气流入气膜孔之后的流动结构与光滑二次流通道结构相似.135°肋结构气膜冷却效率最大而表面传热系数比最低.     

Streamwise vortex generation by the rod

The technology development related to aerodynamics is leading to ever increasing loads of wings, airfoils and turbine and compressor blades. The increase in aerodynamic forces is often leading to flow separation and depreciation of the aerodynamic performance of flying objects or propulsion systems. Flow control methods are required to avoid these negative effects. In the recent two decades the flow control by means of air-jet vortex generators has been also intensively investigated. In this method a streamwise vortex is introduced by an oblique jet. The necessity to supply air by a pipe system may be considered a disadvantage. In order to eliminate this feature, it has been proposed to put out a rod instead of a jet. It has been shown that the application of a rod can introduce the same effect as a jet, as long as the streamwise vortex generation is concerned and appropriate dimensions are used. The present paper focuses on the influence of rod vortex generators on a flow pattern downstream. The results presented here concern experimental and numerical investigations and provide guidelines for the design of a new flow control method dedicated mainly to external flows.     

波瓣数对波瓣S型混合二元喷管气动热力性能影响

依据某型涡扇发动机波瓣S型混合二元喷管,保持波瓣混合器长度、内扩张角、外扩张角以及宽高比不变,依次取波瓣混合器波瓣数为12,14,16,18,20,建立了一组具有不同波瓣数的波瓣S型混合二元喷管模型.采用经过验证的CFD方法,研究了波瓣数对波瓣S型混合二元喷管气动热力性能的影响规律.结果表明:在波瓣尾缘截面至第1个S弯截面区域,波瓣数对流体混合程度产生很大影响,并且热混合效率近乎随波瓣数增加而增加.在第1个S弯截面至波瓣S型混合二元喷管出口截面区域,波瓣数为16的波瓣S型混合二元喷管模型的总压恢复系数始终最低,其余模型的总压恢复系数以及热混合效率没有明显差别.在波瓣S型混合二元喷管出口截面上,波瓣数为16的波瓣S型混合二元喷管模型的热混合效率最高,达到0.850,然而其总压恢复系数相对于该截面上最高值下降了0.289%.此外,波瓣S型混合二元喷管的渐缩型流道能够提高流向涡强迫混合效果,但同时也加速流向涡的耗散速率.      

后掠翼对细长体头部侧向力特性的影响

通过在细长体顶点处设置扰动块的方式使细长体的绕流具有确定性,在此基础上研究了机翼对细长体头部侧向力特性的影响.通过实验发现,测压截面越靠近机翼顶点,受机翼的影响越大.在50°迎角以下,后掠翼对细长体头部侧向力特性的影响很小.在60°迎角时,后掠翼对细长体头部的侧向力特性影响较大,此时单独细长体的侧向力特性实验结果已不能直接应用于后掠翼身组合体了.     

前缘修形三角翼翼面背风区涡系研究

本文对一组前缘修形三角翼翼面背风区流场进行了实验研究,给出了几种修形三角翼上翼面处空间涡系涡迹及表面流谱,研究了各涡之间的相互干扰。结果表明:使用前缘修形可以在一定程度上避免基本三角翼大迎角时产生的翼面主涡破碎;修形三角翼翼面背风区存在两条较为稳定的涡,两涡间有利干扰将改善翼面处流场。     

Simulation of streamwise vortices at the flaps of re-entry vehicles

The present study investigates separated flows in the flap region of the X-38 re-entry demonstrator with respect to the heat loads downstream reattachment induced by streamwise vortices. In a first step generic numerical flow simulations of turbulent ramp configurations with artificially induced vortex disturbances are compared with wind tunnel data of the Ludwieg tube facility in Göttingen (RWG). The results allow insight into the perturbed flow field, the associated flow topology and the influence of different flow parameters that affect the perturbations. For numerical resolution of streamwise vortices in the boundary layer of re-entry vehicles local grids are generated around the flaps of the X-38 vehicle. Extensive studies of arranging and refining the local grids demonstrate good grid convergence. For laminar cases and cases with fixed transition vortex effects on the heat transfer are observed with and without artificial vortex excitation.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel der vorgelegten Studie ist die Untersuchung abgelöster Strömungen im Klappenbereich des X-38 Wiedereintrittsdemonstrators hinsichtlich der durch Längswirbel entstehenden thermischen Belastungen stromab der Anlegelinie. Im ersten Schritt werden turbulente generische Rampenkonfiguratiorien mit künstlich induzierten Wirbelstörungen mit Windkanaldaten des Ludwierohrkanals in Göttingen (RWG) verglichen. Die Ergebnisse erlauben einen Einblick in die Störströmung, der zugehörige Strömungstopologie und der Einflüsse verschiedener Parametervariationen auf die Störströmung. Zur numerischen Auflösung der Längswirbel in der Grenzschicht von Wiedereintrittsvehikeln wurden lokale Netze um die X-38 Klappen generiert. Ausführliche numerische Studien nach Umordnung und Verfeinerung der lokalen Netze zeigen eine gute Netzkonvergenz der Ergebnisse. In laminaren Fällen und solchen mit fester Transition wurden Wirbeleinflüsse auf den Wärmestrom mit und ohne künstliche Wirbelanregung beobachtet.