Impact of Solar Activity on Stratospheric Ozone and NO2 Observed by Gomos/Envisat

Energetic proton precipitation occurring during solar events can increase the production of odd nitrogen in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. A very intense solar proton event (SPE) occurred on 28 October 2003. Its impact on the composition of the middle atmosphere was observed in details due to the availability of several space instruments. Here we present GOMOS observations of a strong NO₂increase and a related ozone decrease in the upper stratosphere at north polar latitude. The perturbation of the chemical composition of the stratosphere was observed until the middle of December 2003. A strong NO₂ increase was also observed in the south polar vortex in June-July 2003. It is tentatively attributed to the effect of an SPE with protons of moderate energy occurring on 29 May 2003. If this hypothesis is confirmed, it will imply that the global effect of SPEs on the composition of the stratosphere is underestimated when only strong energy SPEs are considered.     

临近空间太阳电池组件热力学特性仿真分析

临近空间飞行器依靠搭载的柔性太阳电池组件和储能电池组构成的能源系统,可在临近空间长期飞行和驻留,完成地面观测、无线通信、军事侦察等任务,因而成为各国航天航空领域发展的热点之一。由于太阳电池组件能量转化效率只有20%左右,大部分太阳光能量吸收后转化为热。这部分热传导到高空气球内部,将造成内部气流紊乱,增加高空气球姿态控制难度,而温度升高引起的热应力甚至可能破坏柔性太阳电池组件。本文通过计算机模拟太阳组件在高空气球蒙皮上的工作条件,建立组件结构模型及热传递数学模型,仿真得到电池组件实际工作时的温度场和应力场分布情况,对高空气球供电组件的结构优化、工作状态的掌握具有指导意义。     

基于机翼-帆尾的高纬度跨年驻留太阳能飞机总体参数设计方法

拓展太阳能飞机在较高纬度地区的跨年驻留性能有助于促成太阳能飞机的广泛实用化。建立了适用于任意高度、任意纬度、任意指向的光伏组件面功率模型,并考虑了光伏组件的温度效应,通过能量仿真得出：在方位角跟踪方式下,滚偏角为90°的主动式光伏组件的日均面功率最优。然后在布局与能源综合设计思想指导下,建立了一套基于机翼-帆尾的太阳能飞机总体参数设计方法,其组成模块包括各部件质量方程、气动效率方程、用于构建气动布局参数与全机光伏组件面功率特性之间映射关系的Kriging代理模型,以及参与总体参数匹配优化设计的量子粒子群优化（QPSO）算法及其多目标评价函数。面向高纬度与跨年驻留的设计指标,开展了机翼-帆尾太阳能飞机的方案实例设计,其中驻留纬度与高度指标分别为45°N和18 km。详细分析了此方案在23.5°N~55°N纬度域内的可持续高度包线。研究结果表明：与传统布局形式相比,机翼-帆尾布局形式大幅提升了高纬度地区冬季附近的光伏组件面功率,有效地减小了翼展尺度、机翼面积并提升了巡航速度,具有良好的应用优势。方案设计实例也验证了基于机翼-帆尾的太阳能飞机总体参数设计方法的可行性。     

Study of the seasonal ozone variations at European high latitudes

The geographic area at high latitudes beyond the polar circle is characterized with long darkness during the winter (polar night) and with a long summertime insolation (polar day). Consequentially, the polar vortex is formed and the surrounding strong polar jet is characterized by a strong potential vorticity gradient representing a horizontal transport barrier. The ozone dynamics of the lower and middle stratosphere is controlled both by chemical destruction processes and transport processes.     

平流层的信息对抗探讨

进入21世纪以来,由于新型的巡航导弹、隐身飞机、性能更好的预警机、TBM这些高科技武器的出现,远程精确打击会是武器系统发展的一大趋势,如何及早地发现它们将是防御方的一个难题。飞艇作为一个临近空间的机动平台也就应运而生。这是一个跨世纪的新兴学科,可能支撑许多新的空间武器。简要介绍了其作用、作战对象、主要研究内容,需要攻克的一些关键技术。     

Satellite Measurements of Middle Atmospheric Impacts by Solar Proton Events in Solar Cycle 23

Solar cycle 23 was extremely active with seven of the largest twelve solar proton events (SPEs) in the past forty years recorded. These events caused significant polar middle atmospheric changes that were observed by a number of satellites. The highly energetic protons produced ionizations, excitations, dissociations, and dissociative ionizations of the background constituents in the polar cap regions (>60 degrees geomagnetic latitude), which led to the production of HO_x (H, OH, HO₂) and NO_y (N, NO, NO₂, NO₃, N₂O₅, HNO₃, HO₂NO₂, BrONO₂, ClONO₂). The HO_x increases led to short-lived ozone decreases in the polar mesosphere and upper stratosphere due to the short lifetimes of the HO_x constituents. Polar middle mesospheric ozone decreases greater than 50 % were observed and computed to last for hours to days due to the enhanced HO_x. The NO_y increases led to long-lived polar stratospheric ozone changes because of the long lifetime of the NO_y family in this region. Upper stratospheric ozone decreases of >10 % were computed to last for several months past the solar events in the winter polar regions because of the enhanced NO_y.     

模拟平流层环境的加载试验风洞测试与控制系统设计

根据模拟平流层环境加载试验风洞的设计要求,对其测试与控制系统进行了设计。通过搭建风洞控制子系统、数据采集子系统和安全与报警子系统,实现了对试验风洞中的设备开关、压力、温度和风速等的精确控制,同时具有系统运行各项参数的实时采集和记录、故障处理以及自动报警等功能。测试结果表明,系统的各项参数控制精度高,压力偏差小于0.2 kPa、温度波动小于1.5 ℃,模拟平流层环境加载试验风洞运行稳定、安全可靠。     

The Stratospheric and Mesospheric NOy in the 2002–2004 Polar Winters as measured by MIPAS/ENVISAT

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on board ENVISAT, provided global (pole-to-pole, the polar night winter regions) measurements of nearly all constituents of the NO_y family (including NO, NO₂, HNO₃ and H₂O₅) from July 2002 to the end of March 2004 from the upper stratosphere up to the middle mesosphere. The inter-annual variability of the NO₂ and HNO₃ abundances in the Arctic and Antarctic winters from September 2002 through March 2004 was enormous with tremendous hemispheric asymmetry and extraordinary values in two winters. The origin of these variations and of the extreme measured values has been analyzed on the basis of the changing atmospheric dynamics (using the CH₄ tracer) and solar activity, including the extraordinary solar protons events of Oct–Nov 2003.     

平流层飞艇总体多目标优化设计与决策

将多目标优化与多属性决策相结合应用于平流层飞艇总体多目标优化中。建立平流层飞艇多目标优化模型,实现优化模型参数化建模,采用多目标进化算法NSGA－Ⅱ得到Pareto最优解集,构成多属性决策矩阵,采用模糊熵权TOPSIS（ M－TOPSIS）法对Pareto非劣解进行排序,获得最佳设计方案。最终结果验证了NSGA－Ⅱ平流层飞艇多目标优化中的有效性。     

Measurements of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during tropical cyclones using the GPS radio occultation technique

Water vapour transport to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere by deep convective storms affects the radiation balance of the atmosphere and has been proposed as an important component of climate change. The aim of the work presented here is to understand if the GPS radio occultation technique is useful for characterization of this process. Our assessment addresses the question if severe storms leave a significant signature in radio occultation profiles in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere. Radio occultation data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) were analyzed, focusing on two particular tropical cyclones with completely different characteristics, the hurricane Bertha, which formed in the Atlantic Basin during July 2008 and reached a maximum intensity of Category 3, and the typhoon Hondo, which formed in the south Indian Ocean during 2008 reaching a maximum intensity of Category 4. The result is positive, suggesting that the bending angle of a GPS radio occultation signal contains interesting information on the atmosphere around the tropopause, but not any information regarding the water vapour. The maximum percentage anomaly of bending angle between 14 and 18 km of altitude during tropical cyclones is typically larger than the annual mean by 5–15% and it can reach 20% for extreme cases. The results are discussed in connection to the GPS radio occultation receiver which will be part of the Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) payload on the International Space Station.