Transponder calibration of the Envisat RA-2 altimeter Ku band sigma naught

Although the history of spaceborne altimeters goes back to the early seventies, the absolute calibration of the backscattering coefficient has never been deeply investigated. This information has been primarily used to infer the wind speed via an empirical model, and the intercalibration among different satellite altimeters has revealed to be suitable for this purpose, being the wind retrieval based on an empirical relationship. As far as Ku band system is concerned, the sigma naught absolute calibration of the Envisat altimeter (RA-2) has been performed using an active reference target provided by a transponder. This has been exploited during the 6-month Commissioning phase to generate early calibration results. In order to monitor the RA-2 backscatter calibration during the Envisat lifetime, a continuous calibration effort has been carried out by operating the transponder as much as possible. This paper aims to review the entire effort for calibrating the RA-2 sigma naught measurements, which lasted for almost seven years. It presents in detail the adopted methodology and the final outcome of the activity, providing the users with the correction (bias) to get the calibrated sigma naught and analyzing its stability during almost the entire Envisat lifetime. Specifically, it is concluded that the RA-2 backscatter measurements were quite stable, even if a bias of about 1 dB should be considered with respect to the actually released product. Some small changes in the bias as function of time can be identified during most of the Envisat lifetime, consisting in a slight increase in the first two years, followed by a more stable period and a final drop observed at the end of 2009, until the conclusion of the calibration activity (corresponding to the change in Envisat orbit).     

Design and Simulation of Electro-hydrostatic Actuator with a Built-in Power Regulator

The electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) is a kind of power-by-wire (PBW) actuator that converts the electrical power into localized hydraulic power for flight control. By removing the central hydraulic power supply together with hydraulic pipes, an EHA's reliability and efficiency are greatly improved but its frequency width and stiffness decreased. To overcome the drawback, this article proposes a novel structure of EHA associated with a power regulator. Composed of a high-pressure accumulator and a proportional valve, it can store and harness the hydraulic power flexibly according to the changing control requirements. The concept of transferred volume is put forward to estimate the capability of the power regulator. The actuator output position can be kept fixed with a hydraulic lock. The compounded control is specially developed to ensure the actuator system to operate in a correct manner. The simulation results indicate that the new-brand actuator results in efficient expanding of the system frequency width with an optimal power supply.     

成层土中缺陷桩瞬态响应及其参数分析

为了更好地解决基桩缺陷量化分析问题，从建立成层土中缺陷桩桩土系统模型入手，引入矩阵递推法，求解出成层土中多缺陷桩桩顶和桩身任意点的瞬态响应解析解，并应用此解对缺陷桩瞬态响应影响参数进行分析，得出在利用幅值比进行缺陷量化分析方法中的关键影响因素为桩侧土阻尼系数，为成层土中基桩缺陷量化分析和承载力评价奠定了理论基础。     

制导系统误差系数天地因子的一致性检验

导弹飞行试验时制导系统误差系数(工具误差)与地面试验的误差系数是否一致(或部分一致),这是人们比较关心的问题,本文从理论上介绍了线性模型假设检验方法,应用这种方法检验制导系统工具误差天地因子的一致性,若一致(或部分一致)则验前信息可被充分利用以提高制导系统误差系数分离的效果。     

结构刚度指标统计确定

提供两种方法，确定结构刚度指标。第一种方法是已知刚度变差系数Ｃｆ，确定结构刚度指标。第二种方法是借助卡埃分布表，确定结构刚度指标。这两种方法都能得到满意的结果。文中还列举了许多实例，并指出了需要注意的问题。     

一种用于机载设备的高精度转动型柔性铰链

 传统铰链应用于机载设备时会产生摩擦、磨损、接触面热梯度等问题,而利用材料变形产生运动的柔性铰链可避免此类缺陷,获得高性能的同时,降低维护成本。现阶段使用的交叉簧片柔性铰链无法满足某些超精密航空机载设备的定位精度要求,因此将交叉点推广到任意位置以改善性能。首先,考虑机械接口,建立了广义交叉簧片柔性铰链的刚度和轴漂模型,从而分析了各个参数与刚度及轴漂的关系,并评估了由于加工因素造成的簧片不等长给性能带来的影响,得到了具有等值刚度和较小轴漂特性的柔性铰链。然后,通过有限元仿真验证了所分析特性的有效性。最后,通过组合提出了一种更大行程的复合柔性铰链,当转角为15°时,且在垂直力作用下,轴漂小于3 μm,精度优于在国外已得到应用的蝶形铰链。     

旋转状态下矩形微小通道流动与换热试验研究

为了研究微小通道结构在航空发动机涡轮叶片中应用的前景和可行性,以空气为冷却介质,在Re＝1000～3000、转速为0～500 r/min、Ro＝0～3.5×10-3条件下,对水力直径为1 mm的旋转微小通道组的流动和换热特性进行试验研究。结果表明：微小通道流阻系数呈现粗糙壁通道特征,通道临界Re≈2350,流阻系数以及临界Re随转速增加未见明显改变。在静止状态下,通道组综合换热系数随Re增大而增大,换热系数分布沿流动方向逐渐减小;在旋转状态下,通道组平均综合换热系数略有增大,旋转对换热特性的影响随着流动的发展而增大     

Effect of turbulence on NO formation in swirling combustion

Turbulence affects both combustion and NO formation. Fluctuation correlations are ideally used for quantitative analysis. From the instantaneous chemical reaction rate expression,ignoring the third-order correlation terms, the averaged reaction rate will have four terms, including the term of averaged-variable product, a concentration fluctuation correlation term, and temperature-concentration fluctuation correlation term. If the reaction-rate coefficient is denoted as K, the temperature fluctuation would be included in the K fluctuation. In order to quantitatively study the effect of turbulence on NO formation in methane-air swirling combustion, various turbulencechemistry models are tested. The magnitudes of various correlations and their effects on the time-averaged reaction rate are calculated and analyzed, and the simulation results are compared with the experimental measurement data. The results show that among various correlation moments, the correlation between the reaction-rate coefficient K fluctuation with the concentration fluctuation is most important and is a strong nonlinear term.     

高压涡轮导叶非轴对称端壁优化设计

为使高压涡轮导叶非轴对称端壁造型在减少二次流损失、提高气动性能方面更好的发挥作用,以某一级高压涡轮为研究对象,采用端壁参数化造型、三维Navier-Stokes（N-S）方程流场求解和基于人工神经网络的遗传算法相结合的优化方法对涡轮导叶进行非轴对称端壁的优化设计。优化目标为在控制涡轮导叶进口质量流量、出口马赫数及出口气流角的情况下,导叶出口总压损失系数和出口二次流动能最小化。对比分析优化前后端壁对涡轮导叶出口参数和涡轮级性能的影响。结果表明：优化后得到的非轴对称端壁有效地改善了涡轮导叶通道内的流场,抑制了通道内二次流涡系的发展,降低了导叶出口处的流动损失,涡轮导叶出口总压损失系数降低了14．85％,高压涡轮级等熵效率提高了0．456％。     

平面运动中的摩擦力

本文提出一种摩擦力和速度的连续关系式,并把非连续、非线性的方程包括在这个关系式中,解出各种情况的法向反力。