Particle Acceleration by the Sun: Electrons, Hard X-rays/Gamma-rays

Observations of hard X-ray (HXR)/γ-ray continuum and γ-ray lines produced by energetic electrons and ions, respectively, colliding with the solar atmosphere, have shown that large solar flares can accelerate ions up to many GeV and electrons up to hundreds of MeV. Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are observed by spacecraft near 1 AU and by ground-based instrumentation to extend up to similar energies, but it appears that a different acceleration process, one associated with fast Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) is responsible. Much weaker SEP events are observed that are generally rich in electrons, ³He, and heavy elements. The energetic particles in these events appear to be similar to those accelerated in flares. The Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) mission provides high-resolution spectroscopy and imaging of flare HXRs and γ-rays. The observations of the location, energy spectra, and composition of the flare accelerated energetic particles at the Sun strongly imply that the acceleration is closely related to the magnetic reconnection that releases the energy in solar flares. Here preliminary comparisons of the RHESSI observations with observations of both energetic electrons and ions near 1 AU are reviewed, and the implications for the particle acceleration and escape processes are discussed.     

正弦输入脉宽调制(PWM)型单相变流器

本文提出了用GTO(可关断闸流管)组成的PWM(正弦输入脉宽调制)控制式单相变流器新方案。其特点是(1)增加了二只辅助GTO,克服了电流型变流器中的共振电流现象;(2)采用PWM控制方式,使输入电流不会出现相位的缺口而基本正弦,从而避免了整流器对电网的干扰;(3)采用了计算机适时控制。这一装置可广泛用于大功率单相整流需要任意调整功率因数的场合。     

零电流零电压开关PWM Boost全桥变换器

提出一种新颖的零电流零电压开关PWM Boost全桥变换器。超前管串联电感，并利用输出滤波电容的能量，可以在很宽的负载范围内实现ZCS。滞后管利用其寄生电容和与变压器原边并联的辅助电感，可以在任何负载下实现ZVS。与ZCS PWM Boost全桥变换器相比，所提出的变换器没有电流占空比丢失的问题。本文详细分析了该变换器的工作原理，参数设计原则。通过一个480W的原理样机，验证了分析结果。     

Effects of the position of the solar wind termination shock and the heliopause on the heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays

The effects of changing the position of the solar wind termination shock and the position of the heliopause, and therefore the extent of the heliosheath, on the modulation of cosmic ray protons are illustrated. An improved numerical model with diffusive termination shock acceleration, a heliosheath and drifts is used. The modulation is computed in the equatorial plane and at 35 heliolatitude using recently derived diffusion coefficients applicable to a number of cosmic ray species during both magnetic polarity cycles of the Sun. It was found that qualitatively the modulation results for the different heliopause positions are similar although they differ quantitatively, e.g., clearly different radial gradients are predicted for the regions beyond the termination shock compared to inside the shock. The difference between the modulation for the two solar polarity cycles are less significant at a heliolatitude of 35° than in the equatorial plane. We found that moving the termination shock from 90 to 100 AU, with the heliopause fixed at 120 AU, caused only quantitative differences so that the exact position of the TS in the outer heliosphere seems not crucially important to global modulation. Moving the heliopause outwards, to represent the modulation in the tail region of the heliosphere, causes overall decreases in the cosmic ray intensities but not linearly as a function of energy, e.g., at 1 GeV the effect is insignificant. We conclude from this modelling that the modulation of protons in the heliospheric nose and tail regions are qualitatively similar although, clear quantitative and interesting differences occur.     

蜂窝平板太阳能集热器研制及闷晒性能实验

研制了一种含有透明绝热结构的太阳能蜂窝平板集热器，从理论上分析了集热器吸热板与蜂窝板间有空气隙的复合蜂窝结构的表面传热损失，并对闷晒实验作了描述和总结。实验发现：蜂窝结构大大提高了集热器吸热板的闷晒平衡温度；理论分析也指出：蜂窝结构显著降低了集热器的表面热损失系数。因此，采用透明绝热蜂窝结构是提高太阳能集热器集热效率的一种有效方法。     

利用ADS和Serenade设计S波段压控振荡器

简介设计 S波段压控振荡器 ( VCO)的理论基础 ,阐述利用 Agilent公司的 ADS软件进行 S波段 VCO的初步设计过程及如何通过 Ansoft公司的 Serenade软件快速改进 VCO性能 ,使其达到实际要求     

中国空间探索的切入点——"地月日大系统研究"的观念

探讨了地月系统、地日系统,并在此基础上提出了"地月日大系统"的研究思路。将地、月、日三者关联起来,从系统的角度和多时空尺度研究地、月、日三者之间的内在关联和相互影响,从中找出未来空间探索的主题和科学研究的目标,同时还要围绕这一主题和目标,用系统、整体、历史的观点筹划未来空间活动的开展。     

基于DDS的雷达多目标相参回波信号生成方法

介绍了一种基于DDS的雷达多目标相参回波信号生成方法。通过在特定时刻对DDS生成的信号进行补相,可以使单DDS同时生成多个目标的与被测雷达全相参的常规脉冲和线性调频回波信号。最后给出了仿真结果。     

同步卫星姿态控制系统稳定性分析

本文介绍苏联“萤光屏”系列地球同步卫星的姿态控制系统以及在稳态运行时姿态控制系统俯仰通道的稳定性分析,分析中考虑了太阳帆板的挠性。飞行实验表明,文中所介绍的方法在工程设计中是简单可行的。     

O5+ in High Speed Solar Wind Streams: SWICS/Ulysses Results

Recent observations with UVCS on SOHO of high outflow velocities of O⁵⁺ at low coronal heights have spurred much discussion about the dynamics of solar wind acceleration. On the other hand, O⁶⁺ is the most abundant oxygen charge state in the solar wind, but is not observed by UVCS or by SUMER because this helium-like ion has no emission lines falling in the wave lengths observable by these instruments. Therefore, there is considerable interest in observing O⁵⁺ in situ in order to understand the relative importance of O⁵⁺ with respect to the much more abundant O⁶⁺. High speed streams are the prime candidates for the search for O⁵⁺ because all elements exhibit lower freezing-in temperatures in high speed streams than in the slow solar wind. The Ulysses spacecraft was exposed to long time periods of high speed streams during its passage over the polar regions of the Sun. The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) on Ulysses is capable of resolving this rare oxygen charge state. We present the first measurement of O⁵⁺ in the solar wind and compare these data with those of the more abundant oxygen species O⁶⁺ and O⁷⁺. We find that our observations of the oxygen charge states can be fitted with a single coronal electron temperature in the range of 1.0 to 1.2 MK assuming collisional ionization/recombination equilibrium with an ambient Maxwellian electron gas. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.