企业内部审计“监督+服务”的思考

企业内部审计工作的重点应紧跟企业风险动向,其直接作用是通过"防"和"补"建立企业的风险保护机制和溯源机制。通过循旧创新和"监督+服务"的递进,优化内部审计核心竞争力,从而实现企业价值增值目的和内部审计新发展。     

Service life prediction of AP/Al/HTPB solid rocket propellant with consideration of softening aging behavior

The aging behavior of softening composite solid propellant was investigated by measuring its mechanical and ballistic prosperities during prolonged storage at elevated and room temperatures. Accelerated aging was conducted at 65 °C for 231 days while the normal aging was performed at 25 ± 3 °C and relative humidity less than 50% for 8 years. The mechanical properties were obtained from uniaxial tensile tests for the aged propellant specimens while the ballistic properties were determined from static firing tests of subscale motors aged for 112 days at 65 °C. The mechanical results show that the maximum tensile strength and Young's modulus initially increase and subsequently decrease with increasing aging time, while the maximum tensile strain generally increases with increasing aging time. The ballistic properties like burning rate show a small change which cannot affect the ballistic performance. The experimental results show that the changes in the mechanical properties are significant during the aging period, but the burning rate does not undergo significant changes. From this study, it is observed that the propellant ages through a combination of reactions like post-cure, oxidative cross-linking, chain scission, and hydrolysis. The chain scission and the hydrolysis effect are the most significant process, which makes the propellant soft and extendible. The observed aging mechanism has been modeled using an exponential function with two terms which can describe the complex behavior of the aging. By applying Arrhenius equation,the activation energy values were obtained based on the propellant mechanical properties. The shelf life of this propellant formulation at 25 °C is predicted to be 13 years using the modulus as failure criteria and control parameter.     

Tolerance of chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.) plants,representing the higher plant compartment in bioregenerative life support systems,to super-optimal air temperatures

Plants intended to be included in the photosynthesizing compartment of the bioregenerative life support system (BLSS) need to be studied in terms of both their production parameters under optimal conditions and their tolerance to stress factors that might be caused by emergency situations. The purpose of this study was to investigate tolerance of chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.) plants to the super-optimal air temperature of 45 ± 1 °C as dependent upon PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) intensity and the duration of the exposure to the stress factor. Chufa plants were grown hydroponically, on expanded clay, under artificial light. The nutrient solution was Knop’s mineral medium. Until the plants were 30 days old, they had been grown at 690 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PAR and air temperature 25 °C. Thirty-day-old plants were exposed to the temperature 45 °C for 6 h, 20 h, and 44 h at PAR intensities 690 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and 1150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. The exposure to the damaging air temperature for 44 h at 690 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PAR caused irreversible damage to PSA, resulting in leaf mortality. In chufa plants exposed to heat shock treatment at 690 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PAR for 6 h and 20 h, respiration exceeded photosynthesis, and CO₂ release in the light was recorded. Functional activity of photosynthetic apparatus, estimated from parameters of pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence in Photosystem 2 (PS 2), decreased 40% to 50%. After the exposure to the stress factor was finished, functional activity of PSA recovered its initial values, and apparent photosynthesis (P_apparent) rate after a 20-h exposure to the stress factor was 2.6 times lower than before the elevation of the temperature. During the first hours of plant exposure to the temperature 45 °C at 1150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PAR, respiration rate was higher than photosynthesis rate, but after 3–4 h of the exposure, photosynthetic processes exceeded oxidative ones and CO₂ absorption in the light was recorded. At the end of the 6-h exposure, P_apparent rate was close to that recorded prior to the exposure, and no significant changes were observed in the functional activity of PSA. At the end of the 20-h exposure, P_apparent rate was close to its initial value, but certain parameters of the functional activity of PSA decreased 25% vs. their initial values. During the repair period, the parameters of external gas exchange recovered their initial values, and parameters of pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence were 20–30% higher than their initial values. Thus, exposure of chufa plants to the damaging temperature of the air for 20 h did not cause any irreversible damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of plants at either 690 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ or 1150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PAR, and higher PAR intensity during the heat shock treatment enhanced heat tolerance of the plants.     

用比值法计算材料及其机件的疲劳损伤

提出了在非对称循环加载下描述材料弹塑性材料行为的损伤演变速率方程式与各个历程与不同损伤量DCi相对应的寿命NCi估算式。其方法是采用以塑性应变幅同弹性应变幅之比值ΔEp／Δεe作为应力应变参量，以常用的材料常数作为材料参数。而且，还提出了与常用材料常数、平均应力与平均应变、加载临界历程长短有着函数关系的综合性材料常数的新概念。此外，以汽车的某一零件为例，计算了它的疲劳损伤。其计算结果与Landgraf方程式计算结果一致，且计算精度较高。这对避免过多而重复的疲劳试验，对方便工程应用，对节约人力、时间和资金有着实际意义。     

基于疲劳寿命的复合材料舱体分级优化分析

为构建三维应力状态复材结构疲劳寿命模型,提出由刚性元和弹簧元来模拟层间作用,结合二维板元构建三维有限元模型。借助典型应力比下的疲劳试验结果和损伤模型,结合等寿命曲线转化理论,发展一种任意应力比下的疲劳寿命分析方法。引入复合累积损伤建立多轴循环应力下的疲劳寿命模型。借助应力分析、静强度和疲劳累积损伤失效分析及材料性能退化模型,模拟面内和层间损伤产生、发展直至整体破坏过程,得到疲劳寿命。通过层合板疲劳寿命预测值和试验结果对比,验证所建模型的正确性。考虑设计变量空间复杂性,采用二级优化方法:系统级布局优化和子系统级尺寸优化。采用自适应遗传算法,以质量最小为目标函数,以疲劳寿命要求为约束条件,对复材舱体进行优化。建立基于多轴应力疲劳寿命的复材结构优化框架,为复材结构优化设计提供参考。      

冷却流道布局对铣槽喷管低周疲劳寿命的影响

为了研究不同的冷却流道布局对大面积比铣槽喷管三维再生冷却槽道在循环工作条件下的热结构响应和低周疲劳寿命的影响, 采用有限体积流—热耦合计算方法、非线性有限元热—结构耦合分析方法和局部应变法对比分析了冷却剂单向逆流、单向顺流和先顺向流动再逆向流动的来回流三种流道布局方案。计算结果表明,铣槽喷管内衬最严重的节点应变主要发生在喷管前部内衬燃气侧壁面与肋条对称面及槽道对称面相交的危险区域,这也是节点低周疲劳寿命最小的位置;铣槽内衬节点的应变时间历程主要由塑性应变决定,肋条与槽道对称面上内衬节点的热结构响应存在较大差异;采用冷却剂单向逆流布局的铣槽喷管内衬节点应变幅和残余应变最大,导致喷管疲劳使用寿命最短;采用冷却剂单向顺流布局的铣槽喷管内衬节点应变幅和残余应变最小,导致喷管低周疲劳寿命最长;采用冷却剂来回流布局的再生冷却喷管铣槽内衬的热结构响应和疲劳使用寿命均处于上述两者之间,但取消了喷管尾部集合器和外置冷却剂供给管路等易失效的部件。      

基于数理统计的航材备件预测方法研究

备件预测是航空公司备件订货和供货方零部件生产计划的基础,本文提出以数理统计方法来判断附件寿命分布形式,对附件寿命和故障率进行估算,并据此给出航材备件需求量及其保障率预测模型,并运用实例进行了验证。     

平台本体的可靠性评估及其应用

平台本体的可靠性评估是用来验证其抽样数据是否符合其指标要求的一种方法。本文就平台本体的可靠性指标验证问题,进行了威布尔寿命型产品可靠性的讨论,阐述了新的可靠性评估方法的理论推导,它对比原始的可靠性评估方法更加准确和充分。最后将其应用在某型号平台本体的可靠性试验数据上并计算出结果,能够验证该平台本体满足控制系统的指标要求。     

以学期总结与规划为抓手的学生工作模式研究

从个性化教育的需要出发,提出基于学期总结与规划的因材施教法学生工作研究的新思路,旨在通过学期总结与规划为抓手和因材施教法相结合指导学生大学生活规划,通过学生书写每学期总结与下学期规划以及老师的一对一辅导,把握学生的个性化特征和潜质,帮助学生认知自我,因材施教,实现学生主观志趣与其个性特质的统一,跟踪学生的发展轨迹,并及时进行调整。结果表明,该工作模式操作性强,学生认可度高,有助于学生形成正确的人生观和做好人生规划。     

基层服务型党组织建设的现实依据与根本路径

加强基层服务型党组织建设,有利于更好地履行党的根本宗旨和根本执政理念,是密切党群关系的根本保证;有利于提高基层社会的治理水平,其关键是要准确把握基层服务型党组织的理论和实践内涵、本质属性,以及找准基层服务型党组织建设的着力点。未来一段时期的基层服务型党组织建设,应重点围绕增强服务意识、做强服务队伍、创新服务载体、加大基层投入、提高治理能力五个方面来推进。