Investigation of Hypervelocity Impacts on Retrieved Surfaces by Direct Simulation Monte Carlo

Hypervelocity impacts on the retrieved Hubble Space Telescope (HST) solar array was investigated by our extended Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) model and the result matches well with the measured data in most of the particle mass range. The revelation of the altitude dependence of particles flux onto the retrieved surfaces provides some insight in understanding the observed higher flux onto Mir space station relative to that onto Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). Our analysis suggests that a slightly higher primary flux onto Mir space station would be possible even without taking into account the secondary impacts, as a result of the existence of the highly eccentric orbits of small-sized debris. It is, furthermore, predicted that 43% of the measured impact flux onto Mir station in PIE experiment may be from secondary impacts, and a corresponding 7% for the detectors in Echantillions experiment.     

中心进气旋转射流冲压燃烧室湍流流动数值模拟

采用Reynolds应力方程模型及涡耗散燃烧模型,对头部进气式固体火箭冲压发动机二次燃烧二维轴对称反应流场进行了数值模拟,研究了空气射流和燃气射流无旋、同向旋转和反向旋转3种进气方式对二次燃烧的影响。研究结果表明,当空气射流和燃气射流以有旋状态进入补燃室时,燃料与空气的混合速度变快,化学反应更快,燃烧也更为充分。     

镍基单晶高温合金DD6气膜孔热机械疲劳试验

涡轮冷却叶片气膜孔边存在大应力梯度,且服役时承受交变的机械载荷和热载荷,热机械疲劳（TMF）是其主要失效模式。通过开展带气膜孔和不带气膜孔的薄壁圆管试件TMF试验研究了气膜孔对镍基单晶高温合金TMF寿命的影响。结果表明最大循环应力在300~500 MPa应力范围内,循环应力幅值与镍基单晶高温合金TMF寿命呈现良好的对数线性关系,且气膜孔导致镍基单晶高温合金TMF寿命下降可达82.5%。继而完成了横向取向分别为〈010〉、〈110〉方向的气膜孔模拟件试验,结果表明气膜孔取向为〈110〉时寿命最短,仅为〈010〉取向的40.0%。最后开展了不同制孔工艺下的气膜孔模拟件试验,结果表明激光制孔气膜孔模拟试件寿命仅为电液束制孔气膜孔模拟试件的54.0%。气膜孔模拟件断口分析表明:TMF裂纹均萌生于气膜孔边,源区氧化严重;裂纹沿着大致与气膜孔边垂直的方向扩展。      

侧向旋转射流进气对固冲发动机性能的影响

采用Reynolds应力方程模型及涡耗散燃烧模型,在不同旋转工况下给定相同进气流量,对侧向进气固冲发动机补燃室湍流反应流场进行了数值计算,得到了燃烧产物的平衡组分、燃烧温度和其他热力学参数,并在此基础上计算了补燃室燃烧效率、发动机推力等参数。数值模拟表明,对于侧向进气固体火箭冲压发动机,在空气射流中引入旋转流动,能有效提高补燃室内的燃烧效率,进一步提高发动机性能。燃烧效率随旋流强度呈先增大、后又减小的规律。采用最佳旋流数的旋转进气后,可使发动机推力提高约2.3%。     

重庆都市经济圈土壤Cd元素含量分布特征与评价

通过重庆都市经济圈网格化深浅层土壤及评价样品的调查分析,阐述重金属Cd区域上的分布现状,并绘制土壤Cd元素环境质量分级图.研究区浅层土壤Cd背景平均值0.27μg/g,深层0.13μg/g.根据《土壤环境质量标准》对区内土壤进行统计分类,区内浅层土壤Cd元素Ⅱ类土及以上土类面积为83.97%.土壤Cd高含量值主要分布在金刀峡镇北、含谷—白市驿、木耳—王家和玉峰山镇等区域.含谷—白市驿、木耳—王家、西彭北等区域的高Cd含量受人类活动影响比较明显,其中含谷—白市驿区Cd主要来源于生活垃圾、排污底泥和降尘,而金刀峡镇北的高Cd含量属自然背景变化的范畴.     

Plants + soil/wetland microbes: Food crop systems that also clean air and water

The limitations that will govern bioregenerative life support applications in space, especially volume and weight, make multi-purpose systems advantageous. This paper outlines two systems which utilize plants and associated microbial communities of root or growth medium to both produce food crops and clean air and water. Underlying these approaches are the large numbers and metabolic diversity of microbes associated with roots and found in either soil or other suitable growth media. Biogeochemical cycles have microbial links and the ability of microbes to metabolize virtually all trace gases, whether of technogenic or biogenic origin, has long been established. Wetland plants and the rootzone microbes of wetland soils/media also been extensively researched for their ability to purify wastewaters of a great number of potential water pollutants, from nutrients like N and P, to heavy metals and a range of complex industrial pollutants. There is a growing body of research on the ability of higher plants to purify air and water. Associated benefits of these approaches is that by utilizing natural ecological processes, the cleansing of air and water can be done with little or no energy inputs. Soil and rootzone microorganisms respond to changing pollutant types by an increase of the types of organisms with the capacity to use these compounds. Thus living systems have an adaptive capacity as long as the starting populations are sufficiently diverse. Tightly sealed environments, from office buildings to spacecraft, can have hundreds or even thousands of potential air pollutants, depending on the materials and equipment enclosed. Human waste products carry a plethora of microbes which are readily used in the process of converting its organic load to forms that can be utilized by green plants. Having endogenous means of responding to changing air and water quality conditions represents safety factors as these systems operate without the need for human intervention. We review this research and the ability of systems using these mechanisms to also produce food or other useful crops. Concerns about possible pathogens in soils and wastewater are discussed along with some methods to prevent contact, disease transmission and to pre-screen and decrease risks. The psychological benefits of having systems utilizing green plants are becoming more widely recognized. Some recent applications extending the benefits of plants and microbes to solve new environmental problems are presented. For space applications, we discuss the use of in situ space resources and ways of making these systems compact and light-weight.     

赣江吴城段底质Cu元素垂直污染分布研究

为建立鄱阳湖水域沉积物中重金属的相关研究方法,了解重金属污染物的迁移规律,并探讨底泥中重金属的垂直分布特征,采用底质柱状采样器通过临水垂直插管法采集鄱阳湖流域赣江吴城段的底质样品,利用微波消解—AS-990型原子吸收分析体系对柱状样中不同深度的样品进行重金属Cu含量的测定。结果显示,柱状样垂直方向和年代分布中Cu含量呈锯齿型分布。重金属垂直分布与年代变化相一致,是因为年代分布与底泥沉积厚度之间的关系主要由沉积率所决定。     

一种平面埋入式进气道气动特性的试验

 针对一种平面埋入式进气道开展了高速吹风试验研究,获得了沿程静压分布、出口总压恢复图谱、基本气动性能和压力脉动特性。结果表明：沿程静压分布曲线显示,气流绕前唇口流动是先膨胀加速后减速扩压,进入内通道后上壁面静压均高于下壁面;巡航状态Ma₀=0.7,α=2°,β=0°时,进气道总压恢复系数σ=0.951,综合畸变指数W=3.55%,具有较高的性能;当Ma₀=0.6~0.8,α₀=-4°~6°,β=0°~4°范围内,σ在0.912~0.964之间,综合畸变指数在2.68%~7.43%之间,表明该平面埋入式进气道能够在较宽广的飞行包线内以较高的性能安全工作;脉动压力分析表明,出口总压脉动频谱均呈现出白噪声特征,无明显窄带信号出现,这对进气道/发动机匹配工作是有利的。     

纵向涡对矩形通道内湍流流动特性影响的实验研究

本研究用风洞实验对矩形通道湍流边界层内嵌入的涡发生器参数进行了筛选；测量了单个涡发生器沿纵向对双侧壁面近壁边界层流场的干扰特性和通道嵌入涡偶的流动特性。找出了通道内嵌入涡发生器形成对近壁边界层流场干扰的较理想的涡发生器参数和漏偶的布局形式。     

以中等职业教育为平台培育外出务工的新型农民

中等职业教育是以培养专业技术人才为目的,以就业为导向的一种教育。培育千千万万高素质的新型农民依赖于中等职业教育为其提供培训平台。中等职业教育要立足于外出务工新型农民的培训需求,进一步提升其培训平台功能,推动实现以新型农民为主体的社会主义新农村建设。