水剂清洗在大批量生产中的应用

介绍可替代汽油、煤油清洗金属零组件的水剂清洗剂在大批量生产中的应用。     

GRACE products and land surface models for estimating the changes in key water storage components in the Nile River Basin

The Nile River Basin (NRB) is facing extreme demand for its water resources due to an alarming increase in population and the changing climate. The NRB is not compatible with ground-based in-situ observations owing to its large basin area size and limited hydrological data access from basin countries. Thus, it lends itself to remotely sensed approaches with high spatial resolution and extended temporal coverage. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) avails a unique opportunity to investigate the changes in key components of terrestrial water storage (TWS). GRACE TWS solutions have specific tuning parameters and processing strategies that result in regionally specific variations and error patterns. We explored the TWS time series spatiotemporal changes, trends, uncertainties, and signal-to-noise ratio among different GRACE TWS data. We had also investigated the key terrestrial water storage components such as surface water, soil moisture, and groundwater storage changes. The results show that GRACE spherical harmonic solutions' uncertainty is higher than the mass concentration (mascon) over the NRB, and the Center for Space Research-mascons had the best performance. The evapotranspiration correlation (R² = 0.85) has the highest correlation with GRACE’s TWS, whereas the normalized difference vegetation index (R² = 0.82) has the second highest correlation. Notably, significant long-term (2003–2017) negative groundwater and soil moisture trends demonstrate a potential depletion of the NRB. Despite an increase in precipitation and the TWS time series, the rate of decline increased rapidly after 2008, thereby indicating the possibility of human-induced change (e.g. for irrigation purposes). Therefore, the results of this study provide a guide for future studies related to hydro-climatic change over the NRB and similar basins.     

Analysis of precipitable water vapour characteristics from GNSS measurements during the snow season in Liaoning Province,China

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) remote sensing precipitable water vapour (PWV) data from November 2015 to March 2019 were combined with snowfall observation data and used to analyse PWV characteristics in Liaoning Province during the snow season (from November to March the following year) and their relationship with snowfall. The potential of using GNSS for PWV measurements was demonstrated using sounding data with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.9 and a mean bias error lower than 0.5 mm. According to the GNSS PWV data gathered at 30-min intervals from 68 GNSS stations in Liaoning during the snow season, the monthly PWV average was highest in November and lowest in January. Negative correlations were found between PWV and altitude. Most of the water vapour was concentrated in the low layer of the atmosphere, and the contribution of this vapour to the PWV was higher during the snow season than in summer. A total of 43 snow cases were identified using the snowfall records from 53 GNSS stations, and the characteristics of PWV during these snowfalls were analysed. An increase in PWV was observed before snowfall events. Moreover, the influence of synoptic systems and air mass origins on PWV was analysed based on National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data and the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The results show that the water vapour condition was better when the synoptic systems or air masses came from areas south of Liaoning.     

水汽对折光修正精度的影响分析

针对当前部分折光修正的工程应用常常忽略水汽影响的现状,选取了国内4个不同地域的气象站点,基于1995年的数百组历史气象探空数据,利用射线描迹法分别仿真计算包含水汽和忽略水汽2种情况下由于大气折射引起的测距误差和测角误差,并对这4个站点不同仰角和不同时间的测距偏差和测角偏差进行统计分析,结果表明：水汽是构成测量残差的一个重要误差源,对于精度要求较高的折光修正系统,水汽的影响不能忽略.该分析结果可为其他需要考虑大气折射效应影响的高精度光学测量工程领域提供参考.     

跑道拼接工程对道面的影响

以虹桥国际机场飞行区扩建工程为依托,通过对拼接区域进行跑道表面沉降及周边土体竖向位移、水平位移、孔隙水压力和地下水位等项目的监测．对新建联络道与既有跑道的拼接工程不停航施工对跑道道面性能的影响进行全面监测与分析。监测结果表明,拼接工程引起的道面沉降量较小,超过60％的测点竖向位移小于3mm;拼接工程对周边土体地下水位没有影响：拼接工程会引起周边土体产生超孔隙水压力。最大可达到正常孔隙水压力的2倍,工后1年基本消散;拼接工程会引起周边土体产生竖向和水平向位移．影响程度随深度增加而减少,影响深度不超过7m。研究表明,通过采取合适的施工方案及必要的防范措施．拼接段施工不会影响跑道的正常使用。     

金属/水反应冲压发动机理论性能计算与分析

基于水与金属燃料反应的水冲压发动机是一种新型的水下动力装置。为了研究水下冲压发动机的基本性能，在简述热力计算原理的基础上，以含铝贫氧推进剂为例对燃气发生器式水冲压发动机、以铝金属燃料为例对漩流式水冲压发动机进行了不同工作状态下的热力计算，得出了发动机比冲与水燃比、工作压强等之间的定性关系。     

NACA0012翼型低雷诺数绕流的实验研究

通过水槽氧气泡流动显示和PIV测速实验研究了NACA0012翼型在雷诺数为8200时的流动特性,重点炎注了翼型绕流结构随迎角的变化。研究发脱：分离点和分离翦切层形成旋涡的位置随迎角的增大而向上游移动,同时翼型上表面流动分离后形成的回流区尺寸随着翼利迎角的增加而增大。当流动再附于翼型上表面时,在再附点附近能够观测到展向涡的三维演化过程,并能观测到展向涡的局部配对现象。     

基于FDS的微重力条件下密闭舱细水雾灭火过程仿真分析

文章应用火灾动力学软件(FDS)对微重力条件下载人航天器密闭舱细水雾灭火过程进行仿真分析,得到了电缆火灾扑灭过程中舱内温度和CO的分布规律。结果表明,一定倾斜角度喷射细水雾不但会促进烟雾的扩散,还会为燃烧增加新鲜空气,使扑灭过程趋于困难。分析认为,微重力环境中的细水雾灭火器喷雾粒径应控制在100~150μm,且使用时应使喷雾方向与火灾面尽量趋于垂直。     

地效飞机着水冲击载荷理论计算与试验

针对地效（WIG）飞机遭受冲击最为严重的状态--对称断阶着水情况,对影响冲击的各个因素进行了比较分析,在作了一些基本假设后,采用船舶运动中常用的切片理论思想,结合Von Karman水动力学分析的动量概念及Wagner的附连水质量公式,提出了一种理论计算方法。同时,还将理论计算结果与试验结果进行了比对分析。计算值与试验值的比较结果说明,理论计算在较大程度上是可信的,可作为结构设计外载荷确定的参考。     

以太阳风为源水分子在月球空间环境中的分布特征

近年来,越来越多的观测结果均显示月球上存在水.本文通过运用Monte-Carlo方法及基于能量守恒的有心力场中粒子轨道算法对水分子在近月表的输运过程进行建模,得到了水分子在近月表分布随时间演化的图像.模拟结果显示,分布在高纬地区的水分子较同经度的中低纬地区要多,这与目前探测得到的结论是一致的.同时,对最终进入永久阴影区的水分子的百分比进行了统计,在光解离常数为6.4×104s的情况下,有大约4.12%的水分子会被永久阴影区存储下来,这个比例与前人估算结果相吻合.