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51.
The formation of planetary systems is intimately tied to the question of the evolution of the gas and solid material in the
early nebula. Current models of evolution of circumstellar disks are reviewed here with emphasis on the so-called “alpha models”
in which angular momentum is transported outward by turbulent viscosity, parameterized by an dimensionless parameter α. A
simple 1D model of protoplanetary disks that includes gas and embedded particles is used to introduce key questions on planetesimal
formation. This model includes the aerodynamic properties of solid ice and rock grains to calculate their migration and growth.
We show that the evolution of the nebula and migration and growth of its solids proceed on timescales that are generally not
much longer than the timescale necessary to fully form the star-disk system from the molecular cloud. Contrary to a widely
used approach, planet formation therefore can neither be studied in a static nebula nor in a nebula evolving from an arbitrary initial condition. We propose a simple approach to both account for sedimentation
from the molecular cloud onto the disk, disk evolution and migration of solids.
Giant planets have key roles in the history of the forming Solar System: they formed relatively early, when a significant
amount of hydrogen and helium were still present in the nebula, and have a mass that is a sizable fraction of the disk mass
at any given time. Their composition is also of interest because when compared to the solar composition, their enrichment
in elements other than hydrogen and helium is a witness of sorting processes that occured in the protosolar nebula. We review
likely scenarios capable of explaining both the presence of central dense cores in Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune and
their global composition.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
52.
网上考试系统的设计与实现 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文讨论了一种新的考试方法———网上考试 ,并讨论了一种基于B/S系统实现网上考试的思路和设计方法 ,并对实现网上考试系统的部分关键技术进行了分析 相似文献
53.
介绍的民机数据总线信号测试仪综合了当前民机上主要采用的ARINC429、ARINC419、CSDB和RS232等数字式航空数据总线规范的接口,具有和这些总线接口设备通讯的能力,可以灵活方便地应用于机载设备检测,装机交联实验当中。 相似文献
54.
对钛铝比为1.174、1.105和1.041的(TiAl)-2.5V-1Cr(at%)合金层片组织在1323K热暴露中的组织变化进行了观察和分析。发现钛铝比对TiAl合金层片组织的稳定性和失稳分解机理有重要影响,钦铝比适当大于1:1(如1.105)的合金可以得到稳定性更好的层片组织。 相似文献
55.
基于FW-H方程的旋翼气动声学计算研究 总被引:2,自引:4,他引:2
由流体力学N S方程导出的非齐次波动方程———FfowcsWilliams Hawkings方程(简称FW H方程),可以精确地描述在静止流体中运动的物体与流体相互作用的发声问题。以FW H方程为理论模型,将旋翼桨叶运动发声问题等效为包含桨叶的任意运动控制面(声源面)的声辐射问题,并在旋翼绕流Euler方程数值模拟的基础上,在时域内计算了悬停旋翼和前飞旋翼的声场。应用于UH 1H和AH 1/OLS两种旋翼模型的气动声学计算表明:计算结果与噪声实验值符合良好;所研制的程序不仅能够较准确地计算单极子噪声和偶极子噪声,而且具有较强的跨音速四极子噪声预测能力。 相似文献
56.
Michael J. S. Belton Karen J. Meech Michael F. A’Hearn Olivier Groussin Lucy Mcfadden Carey Lisse Yanga R. Fernández Jana PittichovÁ Henry Hsieh Jochen Kissel Kenneth Klaasen Philippe Lamy Dina Prialnik Jessica Sunshine Peter Thomas Imre Toth 《Space Science Reviews》2005,117(1-2):137-160
In 1998, Comet 9P/Tempel 1 was chosen as the target of the Deep Impact mission (A’Hearn, M. F., Belton, M. J. S., and Delamere, A., Space Sci. Rev., 2005) even though very little was known about its physical properties. Efforts were immediately begun to improve this situation
by the Deep Impact Science Team leading to the founding of a worldwide observing campaign (Meech et al., Space Sci. Rev., 2005a). This campaign has already produced a great deal of information on the global properties of the comet’s nucleus
(summarized in Table I) that is vital to the planning and the assessment of the chances of success at the impact and encounter.
Since the mission was begun the successful encounters of the Deep Space 1 spacecraft at Comet 19P/Borrelly and the Stardust spacecraft at Comet 81P/Wild 2 have occurred yielding new information on the state of the nuclei of these two comets. This
information, together with earlier results on the nucleus of comet 1P/Halley from the European Space Agency’s Giotto, the Soviet Vega mission, and various ground-based observational and theoretical studies, is used as a basis for conjectures on the morphological,
geological, mechanical, and compositional properties of the surface and subsurface that Deep Impact may find at 9P/Tempel 1. We adopt the following working values (circa December 2004) for the nucleus parameters of prime importance to Deep Impact as follows: mean effective radius = 3.25± 0.2 km, shape – irregular triaxial ellipsoid with a/b = 3.2± 0.4 and overall dimensions of ∼14.4 × 4.4 × 4.4 km, principal axis rotation with period = 41.85± 0.1 hr, pole directions
(RA, Dec, J2000) = 46± 10, 73± 10 deg (Pole 1) or 287± 14, 16.5± 10 deg (Pole 2) (the two poles are photometrically, but not
geometrically, equivalent), Kron-Cousins (V-R) color = 0.56± 0.02, V-band geometric albedo = 0.04± 0.01, R-band geometric
albedo = 0.05± 0.01, R-band H(1,1,0) = 14.441± 0.067, and mass ∼7×1013 kg assuming a bulk density of 500 kg m−3. As these are working values, {i.e.}, based on preliminary analyses, it is expected that adjustments to their values may be made before encounter
as improved estimates become available through further analysis of the large database being made available by the Deep Impact observing campaign. Given the parameters listed above the impact will occur in an environment where the local gravity is
estimated at 0.027–0.04 cm s−2 and the escape velocity between 1.4 and 2 m s−1. For both of the rotation poles found here, the Deep Impact spacecraft on approach to encounter will find the rotation axis close to the plane of the sky (aspect angles 82.2 and 69.7
deg. for pole 1 and 2, respectively). However, until the rotation period estimate is substantially improved, it will remain
uncertain whether the impactor will collide with the broadside or the ends of the nucleus. 相似文献
57.
58.
基于BP人工神经网络的GPS/SINS组合导航算法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
基于扩展Kalman滤波的GPS/SINS组合导航算法,需要对原始的非线性连续系统模型进行线性化和离散化处理,要求系统噪声和测量噪声为零均值的高斯白噪声,且易于出现滤波器发散。BP人工神经网络毋需对所求解的问题建模,能够很好地逼近系统非线性特性,获得较高精度的导航定位信息;还具有计算过程稳定,不涉及矩阵求逆,不需要迭代逼近,以及容易实现并行处理等优点。本文设计适用于GPS/SINS组合导航系统的BP网络模型,并在标准的BP算法基础上,采用共轭梯度法改进网络训练速度及精度。最后,通过仿真算例说明BP网络方法用于GPS/SINS组合导航计算的可行性。 相似文献
59.
粘流与无粘流的相互作用计算 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
本文总结了粘流/无粘流的各种计算方法和结果。重点在于介绍定常流动中的弱相互作用。首先叙述了弱相互作用的数学模型。给出了不可压流动和跨音速流动中粘流/无粘流相互作用的某些正耦合的计算结果。讨论了在分离区附近边界层正方法失效的原因。然后介绍了边界层反方法和适用于带分离的流动中半反方法耦合的粘流/无粘流的相互作用方法。文中也简单地总结了三维情况的应用和强相互作用。 相似文献
60.
A lightning swept stroke model: A valuable tool to investigate the lightning strike to aircraft 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alain Broc Philippe Lalande Emmanuel Montreuil Jean-Patrick Moreau Alain Delannoy Anders Larsson Pierre Laroche 《Aerospace Science and Technology》2006,10(8):700-708
In the context of lightning strike on the Dassault Falcon family of aircraft, the standard zoning of Falcon 50, 900 and 2000, inferred from FAA and EUROCAE WG31 documents [US Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Advisory Circular AC 20-53A, 1985; US Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Advisory Circular AC 20-53B, Draft, 1991; EUROCAE WG 31, Aircraft Lightning Zoning Standard, ED-91, 1998], has been presented. Zoning proves to be quite similar between the three types of aircraft. Thanks to the feed-back on lightning strikes to Falcon, lightning traces have been observed on the fuselage for different flight conditions and aircraft. Observations are compared with the zoning performed by Dassault. A physical model, developed by ONERA, was used to simulate the sweeping of lightning on the fuselage of a Falcon 900. The results are in good agreement with the lightning traces observed on the fuselages. 相似文献