地面支援设备引起飞机损伤的分析

近年来,各个航空公司不断出现因地面支援设备引起飞机损伤的事故,严重影响了维修的安全性和经济性。在介绍飞机损伤及其原因的基础上,对各影响因素进行分析,并提出减少飞机损伤的建议。     

Scatter factor confidence interval estimate of least square maximum entropy quantile function for small samples

Classic maximum entropy quantile function method (CMEQFM) based on the probabil-ity weighted moments (PWMs) can accurately estimate the quantile function of random variable on small samples, but inaccurately on the very small samples. To overcome this weakness, least square maximum entropy quantile function method (LSMEQFM) and that with constraint condition (LSMEQFMCC) are proposed. To improve the confidence level of quantile function estimation, scatter factor method is combined with maximum entropy method to estimate the confidence inter-val of quantile function. From the comparisons of these methods about two common probability distributions and one engineering application, it is showed that CMEQFM can estimate the quan-tile function accurately on the small samples but inaccurately on the very small samples (10 sam-ples); LSMEQFM and LSMEQFMCC can be successfully applied to the very small samples;with consideration of the constraint condition on quantile function, LSMEQFMCC is more stable and computationally accurate than LSMEQFM; scatter factor confidence interval estimation method based on LSMEQFM or LSMEQFMCC has good estimation accuracy on the confidence interval of quantile function, and that based on LSMEQFMCC is the most stable and accurate method on the very small samples (10 samples).     

一种等应力强度因子试件

计算了含中心裂纹的矩形板(高为2H,宽为2W)的应力强度因子。板的对称面内距离为2y_0的两点承受大小相等方向相反的一对集中力P作用。采用的分析方法是含待定常数的复应力函数与广义变分原理相结合的方法。此复应力函数精确地满足裂纹表面的边界条件,其余边界条件由广义变分原理近似地满足。 当H=2W,y_0=0.3W,a=(0.2-0.45)W(a为半裂纹长度),计算结果表明,应力强度因子近似为一个常值,它取1.938P/(πW)~(1/2),相对误差小于0.75％。 若采用上述几何尺寸的试件测试疲劳裂纹扩展常数,将可大大简化试验程序和试验数据处理工作。     

可移动模型校准航空γ能谱仪剥离系数的 修正方法研究

为解决可移动模型与现有大型航空模型校准结果之间的量值统一的关键问题,首先在现有校准方法的基础上,建立了可移动模型校准航空/车载γ能谱仪的方法;再通过专门研制的可移动模型开展试验,经可移动模型校准直升机载、固定翼载、车载等多种大型γ能谱仪试验,证明可移动模型校准结果满足国家计量标准的基本要求,校准航空/车载γ能谱仪的方法可行。进一步总结剥离系数随模型摆放距离变化规律的基础上,提出采用可移动模型校准航空γ能谱仪时,应对校准结果进行剥离系数修正,得到的结果在现有航空混合模型上的示值误差更小,修正后的剥离系数更加接近于现有航空模型的校准结果,并给出了可移动模型校准结果的修正方法和修正因子。     

碳纤维/ 环氧复合材料壳体补强新工艺及方法对比研究

为了降低复合材料壳体封头区域的应力集中,提高壳体整体性能,对复合材料壳体薄弱区进行补强以及采用何种方法进行补强是关键问题.本文以碳纤维Ф150 mm复合材料壳体为研究对象,以理论分析和有限元分析为依据,分别采用碳布补强和纤维缠绕补强对壳体前后封头及赤道附近位置进行补强.试验结果表明:纤维缠绕补强效果明显好于碳布补强,壳体特性系数由40.3 km提高到48.5 km,应力平衡系数提高到0.95,纤维发挥强度由3 378.1 MPa提高到4 058.4 MPa.     

基于核心零部件聚类的飞机现场可更换单元划分

为研究军用飞机测试性设计过程中现场可更换单元（LRU）划分工作，以功能独立性和结构独立性为基本原则，以降低飞机维修保障成本和时间为主要目标，设计了一种军用飞机LRU划分方案。方案在首先实现了飞机从整机到零部件的功能结构分层划分基础上，从设备零部件层级出发，以综合重要度作为各零部件的定量化指标，运用帕累托（Pareto）原则筛选出核心零部件。然后基于核心零部件开发了一种LRU划分聚类算法，该算法以军用飞机设计研制阶段、使用保障阶段、退役处置阶段全寿命周期内成本和时间为优化目标构造综合评判因子，实现了非核心零部件与LRU模块之间的聚类组合，得到最优的LRU划分结果。最后以某型军用飞机上蒸发循环制冷装置为例，运用本文设计的方案实现了该装置LRU的划分，并将划分结果与该装置的实际LRU清单进行对比，通过维修保障成本和时间综合评判因子对两种划分结果的优劣性进行分析，得出本文设计方案得到的LRU划分结果对飞机维修保障成本和时间的优化效果较为均衡的结论。     

航天器太阳能电池阵驱动系统激扰因素辨识与扰动机理分析

建立了典型太阳能电池阵驱动系统(SADS)精细动力学模型，开展了扰动特性地面试验测试，讨论了产生扰动的必要条件，分析了直接激扰因素及其对应扰动的时频特点。结果表明：所建动力学模型分析结果与试验测试扰动数据吻合良好(误差<10%)；刚体转动角加速度和模态振动加速度不同时为零是引起驱动系统扰动的前提条件；细分驱动、电机磁场非线性、时变齿轮啮合参数等是驱动系统的主要内部激扰因素；扰动力矩一般均具有周期变化特点，扰动成分集中在激扰频率及其高倍频附近，扰动幅度随细分驱动步距、齿槽激扰幅度、电磁激扰幅度和啮合参数变化幅度的增大而提高。     

三层三级民机修理级别经济性分析模型的改进

现代民机产品普遍采用模块化设计，具有多层次特点，相应的维修场所也表现为多个维修级别。现有修理级别分析（LORA）模型在移级维修和报废时，可能存在父单元与其内部封装子单元成本重复累加的问题。引入跟随行为矩阵，对子单元中因父单元层级约束而做出的决策进行标记，能有效地避免父单元与子单元成本被重复计算。在此基础上，考虑实际维修活动中无故障发现事件（NFF）、二次维修等人为因素对LORA决策的影响，建立适用于民机的修理级别分析模型，较已有模型更加真实地反映决策的预计成本，提高了决策的可信度和工程适用性。最后使用混合惩罚函数法将原问题转化为等价的无约束优化问题，采用改进的二进制粒子群算法（BPSO）对多故障模式下的三层三级案例进行仿真优化，验证了该经济性分析模型的合理性和求解算法的有效性。     

Assessment of space debris collisions against spacecraft with deorbit devices

Deorbit methods have been employed to remove space debris from orbit. One of these methods is to utilize atmospheric drag. In this method, a membrane loaded into the spacecraft is expanded to increase atmospheric drag. Although this method works without requiring fuel, it has the disadvantage of a high risk of collision with other debris owing to its larger area. Area-time product and energy-to-mass ratio have been used as indices to evaluate the risk of collisions between spacecraft and debris. However, the evaluation criteria were uncertain because these two indices are independent. In this paper, we propose a new evaluation index, single-sheet collision factor (SSCF), that comprehensively evaluates the collision risk based on experiments simulating debris collisions. As a result of the hypervelocity collision experiment, we found that the penetration-area mass of the spacecraft affects the severity of debris collisions. In this paper, the product of the exterior-wall thickness, the exterior-wall density, and the space debris cross-sectional area defines the penetration-area mass of the spacecraft. Furthermore, we compare and evaluate various deorbit methods using SSCF. The comparison showed that the penetration-area mass of the SSCF could be quantitatively determined for the debris-collision severity due to difference in structural materials of spacecraft. SSCF will be used to create rules for space-environment conservation with the expansion of the space-development market.     

Possible nutrient limiting factor in long term operation of closed aquatic ecosystem

To investigate nutrient limitation effect on the community metabolism of closed aquatic ecosystem and possible nutrient limiting factors in the experimental food chains, depletion of inorganic chemicals including carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous was tested. A closed aquatic ecosystem lab module consisting of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Daphnia magna and associated unidentified microbes was established. Closed ecological systems receive no carbon dioxide; therefore, we presumed carbon as a first limiting factor. The results showed that the algae population in the nutrient saturated group was statistically higher than that in the nutrient limited groups, and that the chlorophyll a content of algae in the phosphorus limited group was the highest among the limited groups. However, the nitrogen limited group supported the most Daphnia, followed by the carbon limited group, the nutrient saturated group and the phosphorus limited group. Redundancy analysis showed that the total phosphorus contents were correlated significantly with the population of algae, and that the amount of soluble carbohydrate as feedback of nutrient depletion was correlated with the number of Daphnia. Thus, these findings suggest that phosphorus is the limiting factor in the operation of closed aquatic ecosystem. The results presented herein have important indications for the future construction of long term closed ecological system.