Emergence of a Habitable Planet

We address the first several hundred million years of Earth’s history. The Moon-forming impact left Earth enveloped in a hot silicate atmosphere that cooled and condensed over ∼1,000 yrs. As it cooled the Earth degassed its volatiles into the atmosphere. It took another ∼2 Myrs for the magma ocean to freeze at the surface. The cooling rate was determined by atmospheric thermal blanketing. Tidal heating by the new Moon was a major energy source to the magma ocean. After the mantle solidified geothermal heat became climatologically insignificant, which allowed the steam atmosphere to condense, and left behind a ∼100 bar, ∼500 K CO₂ atmosphere. Thereafter cooling was governed by how quickly CO₂ was removed from the atmosphere. If subduction were efficient this could have taken as little as 10 million years. In this case the faint young Sun suggests that a lifeless Earth should have been cold and its oceans white with ice. But if carbonate subduction were inefficient the CO₂ would have mostly stayed in the atmosphere, which would have kept the surface near ∼500 K for many tens of millions of years. Hydrous minerals are harder to subduct than carbonates and there is a good chance that the Hadean mantle was dry. Hadean heat flow was locally high enough to ensure that any ice cover would have been thin (<5 m) in places. Moreover hundreds or thousands of asteroid impacts would have been big enough to melt the ice triggering brief impact summers. We suggest that plate tectonics as it works now was inadequate to handle typical Hadean heat flows of 0.2–0.5 W/m². In its place we hypothesize a convecting mantle capped by a ∼100 km deep basaltic mush that was relatively permeable to heat flow. Recycling and distillation of hydrous basalts produced granitic rocks very early, which is consistent with preserved >4 Ga detrital zircons. If carbonates in oceanic crust subducted as quickly as they formed, Earth could have been habitable as early as 10–20 Myrs after the Moon-forming impact.     

飞机主操纵系统疲劳试验载荷谱小操纵位移频次问题研究

针对飞机全机主操纵系统疲劳试验载荷谱中小操纵位移频次影响问题进行了分析和讨论,确定了某机全机主操纵系统小操纵位移频次的级别。同时,在原某机全机主操纵系统疲劳试验载荷谱的基础上再次对其小操纵位移频次进行了计算,去掉了这一级别以下对全机主操纵系统疲劳试验无影响的小操纵位移频次,从而完善了主操纵系统疲劳试验载荷谱。另外,对小操纵位移频次问题研究结果在其全机主操纵系统疲劳试验中的实施效果进行了阐述。     

Modelling of Ejecta as a Space Debris Source

When a micro-debris or a micrometeoroid impacts a spacecraft surface, a large number of secondary particles, called ejecta, are produced. These particles can contribute to a modification of the debris environment: either locally by the occurrence of secondary impacts on the components of complex and large space structures, or at great distance by the formation of a population of small orbital debris. This paper describes firstly, the ejecta overall production, and secondly, the lifetime and the orbital evolution of the particles. Finally the repartition of ejecta in LEO is computed. Some results describing the population as a function of size and altitude are presented.     

Numerical Simulation of Impact Loading on Solid Propellant Within an Orthotropic Shell

The strain–stress state of the solid propellant rocket engines (SPREs) is simulated under impact. The effect of orientation of elastic and strength properties of orthotropic organoplastic shell material on the strain–stress state of the solid propellant is investigated. Normal and oblique impact of single steel cylinder projectiles, both simultaneous and at different times of multiple, converging steel spheric particles with SPRE are investigated in this study. The investigation is conducted numerically. The numerical modeling was carried out in a three-dimensional formulation by the method of finite elements for the continuous approach of the mechanics of a deformable solid. The destruction of the anisotropic material is described by the tensor-polynomial criterion of the fourth degree, which takes into account the influence of hydrostatic pressure.     

0.4C-铬镍钼硅钢多冲疲劳裂纹起始寿命估算

 本文采用局部应力一应变法,结合Coffin公式,忽略弹性应变。考虑应变速率的影响,导出了在给定的试验条件下,根据材料的拉伸性能估算其多冲疲劳裂纹起始寿命的表达式,经试验结果验证表明,对不同冲击能量,不同热处理状态以及不同缺口形状的多冲试样,估算式均具有较高的准确性。     

干涉对复合材料叠层板螺栓连接疲劳强度的影响

 本文对复合材料层合板干涉配合连接结构的疲劳特性进行了试验研究。结果表明,适量干涉能有效地提高连接区的疲劳寿命。对被研究的材料和铺层情况,在2％干涉量配合中,疲劳寿命比滑配合情况提高2～3倍。文中分析了产生该结果的原因,强调了试件加工和装配方法,并对疲劳寿命限的定义和最佳干涉量的选取给予了解释。     

环氧基复合材料的混合模式分层

 采用混合模式弯曲试验研究了Ｔ３００／Ｍ１０和ＨＴＡ／６３７６两种复合材料静态和疲劳加载的分层断裂行为。在不同α／Ｌ比和混合模式比条件下加载,两种材料呈现脆性不稳定或脆性稳定的裂纹扩展。在疲劳加载中,裂纹扩展始终是稳定的。混合模式比对分层韧性、疲劳裂纹扩展速率和疲劳门槛值均有明显影响。     

机翼连接耳片微动疲劳裂纹萌生机制

 对歼击机机翼全尺寸模拟疲劳试验的耳片断口进行了观察和分析,从断裂处存在磨痕和磨屑的形貌及耳片受力变形状态,证明耳片属于微动疲劳断裂。本文提出铝合金耳片和钢衬套接触时,微动疲劳裂纹萌生过程的模型。     

挤胀销棒应力压印法及其疲劳性能分析

本文介绍了孔的挤胀销棒应力压印工艺，进行了压印之后孔周围的残余应力和压印前后孔的疲劳寿命计算，并通过计算结果说明了挤胀销棒应力压印对结构疲劳寿命的影响。     

飞机主操纵系统疲劳试验载荷监控方法研究——应变数据分析法

针对某机全机主操纵系统疲劳试验中动态操纵情况下的应变测量以及试验载荷监控问题进行了分析和讨论,并对基于应变测量数据分析的操纵系统疲劳试验载荷监控方法的确定及其应用效果进行了阐述。在操纵系统疲劳试验过程中的实际监控结果表明,该方法对副翼/平尾/方向舵操纵系统多种试验状态下的试验载荷监控实用有效。