Galactic Wind: Mass Fractionation and Cosmic Ray Acceleration

The dynamical and chemical effects of the Galactic Wind are discussed. This wind is primarily driven by the pressure gradient of the Cosmic Rays. Assuming the latter to be accelerated in the Supernova Remnants of the disk which at the same time produce the Hot Interstellar Medium, it is argued that the gas removed by the wind is enriched in the nucleosynthesis products of Supernova explosions. Therefore the moderate mass loss through this wind should still be able to remove a substantial amount of metals, opening the way for stars to produce more metals than observed in the disk, by e.g. assuming a Salpeter-type stellar initial mass function beyond a few Solar masses. The wind also allows a global, physically appealing interpretation of Cosmic Ray propagation and escape from the Galaxy. In addition the spiral structure of the disk induces periodic pressure waves in the expanding wind that become a sawtooth shock wave train at large distances which can re-accelerate “knee” particles coming from the disk sources. This new Galactic Cosmic Ray component can reach energies of a few×10¹⁸ eV and may contribute to the juncture between the particles of Galactic and extragalactic origin in the observed overall Cosmic Ray spectrum.     

Effects of the Fabrication Processes of NC-Si:H Films on Their Mechanical Properties

Studies of nanoindentation were performed on nc-Si:H films to evaluate the effects of the fabrication processes on their mechani-cal properties. It is observed that with the decrease of the SiH4 contents, the grain size of the films increases gradually, and as does the crystalline volume fraction. The smaller the grains become, the more homogeneous the films, and the more even the hardness as well as the modulus will be. The hardness and the modulus will increase with the substrate’s temperature rising. The hardness and the modulus of the nc-Si:H films on the Si substrate prove to be higher than those on the glass substrate given the same technology parameters. How-ever, the films on the glass substrate appear to be more homogeneous.     

燃料组分差异对贫油熄火边界的影响

为了推进替代燃料的多元化,扩大航空燃料的组分分布。以标准航空煤油为基准,研究了柴油和高沸点费托油对燃烧室贫油熄火边界的影响。实验采用单头部燃烧室,通过改变燃烧室进出口压力,研究其熄火边界的变化规律,并分析了其与理化性质和组成的关联关系。结果显示在220kPa的出口压力下,航空煤油的熄火性能略优于另外两种燃油,高沸点费托油相比航空煤油熄火边界窄5%,而在140kPa的低压条件下,高沸点费托油的熄火边界相比航空煤油拓宽了8%。分析得到整体上低沸点烷烃和直链烷烃的熄火性能较好。      

钝体稳定射流火焰的火焰面模型数值研究

基于稳态火焰面(SLFM)和交互式非稳态欧拉颗粒火焰面(EPFM)模型对Sydney大学CH4/H2钝体稳定湍流扩散火焰行了数值研究,采用修正的雷诺应力模型(RSM),同时对两种不同规模的甲烷详细化学反应动力学机理进行研究,比较了燃烧模型和反应机理对湍流火焰结构、活性自由基以及氮氧化物预测精度的影响,与实验数据对比结果表明:两种反应机理得到的温度场和主要组分分布基本相同;SLFM模型能对速度场和标量场的分布进行较为准确预测,采用EPFM模型修正后,部分区域OH预测结果更加靠近实验结果;采用EPFM模型对SLFM模型耦合GRI-Mech 211的计算结果修正后,NO量级降低近2倍,预测精度明显改善,与实验结果实现较好的符合,验证了化学反应动力学机理以及非稳态效应对氮氧化物预测精度的影响。     

Influence of fuel injection position and equivalent mixture ratio on chemical non-equilibrium effects of single expansion ramp nozzle

Chemical non-equilibrium flow was investigated for the scramjet single expansion ramp nozzle(SERN) with a strut-based liquid-kerosene-fueled combustor.Two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations were solved with the species conservation equation for continuous phase and the renormalization group(RNG) k-ε turbulence model.Lagrangian discrete-phase model was analyzed for liquid-kerosene droplets behavior in the supersonic stream.Combustion was simulated by kerosene surrogate fuel's 10-species and 13-step reduced reaction kinetics mechanism with use of Arrhenius's laminar finite rate model.Parametric studies were carried out to estimate the influence of different fuel injection positions and equivalent mixture ratios on the SERN chemical non-equilibrium effects.Numerical calculation results show that the strut-based combustor enables convenient modeling of various SERN entry conditions,which is similar with many preceding investigations,by changing the injector strut position and controlling the mass flow rate of each injector.Chemical non-equilibrium effects function in the whole SERN,especially in the initial flow expansion region,leads to obviously higher SERN performance of the non-equilibrium flow than that of the frozen flow.Furthermore,the distributed fuel injection pattern plays a significant role in enhancing the combustion efficiency in combustor,but weakening the chemical non-equilibrium effects funciton in SERN.Additionally,while the equivalent mixture ratio increases,the SERN thrust coefficient and lift coefficient rise gradually,and the increment of non-equilibrium flow in relation to frozen flow becomes higher as well.To be specific,the equivalent mixture ratio is 0.6,the maximum increment of thrust coefficient and lift coefficient are 11.6% and 25% respectively.      

H2O/CO2污染对煤油燃料超声速燃烧影响数值研究

在纯净空气与H2O/CO2污染空气来流对比试验结果基础上,采用数值计算方法和化学动力学方法,研究了H2O和CO2污染组分对煤油燃料超声速燃烧的影响,获得了试验手段难以得到的燃烧室流场参数和性能数据.完成了相应的煤油燃料超声速燃烧室二维数值计算,其中匹配了进口总温、总压、马赫数、氧气摩尔分数和工作当量油气比.将数值计算结果与相应试验测量值进行了对比分析,并结合燃烧室流场数据、性能参数分析了H2O和CO2污染的动力学影响、以及对燃烧室性能的影响.研究表明:(1)数值计算结果与实验测量值总体上吻合,两种手段均体现了纯净空气来流时不同煤油当量油气比的燃烧室性能,并反映了一致的“污染效应”影响趋势;(2)H2O污染、H2O+CO2污染的存在降低了煤油燃料超声速燃烧室性能,体现在燃烧诱导压升、燃烧效率、流向冲量增量的下降,而且随着污染组分含量的增加,燃烧室性能下降越加显著.     

基于本征正交分解的叶片碰摩系统降阶方法

针对叶片碰摩响应求解问题,提出了采用本征正交分解进行动力学降阶的方法。通过对快照矩阵进行本征正交分解生成投影子空间,将系统动力学方程投影到子空间进行模型降阶,并结合数值积分方法进行了碰摩响应求解。基于降阶模型分析了不同转速及侵入量参数下的叶片碰摩响应,并与全阶模型进行了对比。结果表明:降阶模型的时域响应幅值偏差小于5%,计算效率了提升98.4%;通过改变叶片转速、侵入量参数验证了降阶模型的鲁棒性,并且发现随着转速、侵入量的增加,本征正交模态能量在低阶与高阶之间发生转移,并呈现出不同的传递规律,由转速引起的模态能量转移与结构的固有频率存在一定关系。该方法及结论可为叶片碰摩分析及故障诊断提供依据。      

机器学习在流动控制领域的应用及发展趋势

流动控制作为流体力学中的重要跨学科领域,一直是科学研究和工程应用关注的焦点之一。由于流动系统具有强非线性等复杂特征,对流动的控制尤其是闭环控制,一直颇富挑战性。近年来机器学习的迅速发展为许多学科带来了新的方法、新的视角和新的观点,对于流动控制领域亦是如此。通过回顾现阶段三类基于机器学习的流动控制方法,为主动流动控制领域的研究者展示机器学习在流动控制中应用的整体概况,进而勾勒出本领域的发展趋势。     

战斗机的发展对隐身与气动技术的需求

战斗机在现代战争中具有很重要的作用 ,为了在未来空战中获得主动权 ,各国都非常重视高性能战斗机的研制和发展。作者分析了战斗机及无人作战飞机的发展趋势 ,阐述了战斗机隐身性的作用及在飞机布局设计中采用的减缩措施 ,提出了新一代战斗机的隐身及气动力性能的指标和要求。     

风力机叶片非定常气动力降阶模型方法

基于计算流体力学(Comptational fluid dynamic,CFD)的非定常气动力降阶模型方法,建立起叶段振动状态下的非定常气动力模型,用来模拟叶片变形与气流耦合作用下的附加非定常气动力,实现了叶段在旋转过程中的非定常气动特性建模。通过与CFD结果的校验,验证了方法的可行性,分析了模型对阶跃幅值、风速及振动频率等参数变化的敏感性,然后将方法推广至多叶段模型,并结合结构动力学方程给出多叶段模型的气动弹性响应历程。