高精度VLBI技术在深空探测中的应用

介绍了适合单探测器测定轨的高精度VLBI技术和适合多探测器测定位的同波束VLBI技术的研究进展。利用"嫦娥3号"着陆器的ΔDOR型VLBI观测,得到了误差0.67ns的VLBI群时延数据。利用"嫦娥3号"着陆器和月球车的同波束VLBI观测,得到了随机误差0.3ps的差分相时延数据,以数厘米的灵敏度监测出月球车的移动、转弯等动作,并把月球车的相对定位精度提高至1m。针对深空探测,提出了使VLBI时延测量精度进一步提高所需要开展的部分研究内容。     

Review on bio-inspired flight systems and bionic aerodynamics

Humans' initial desire for flight stems from the imitation of flying creatures in nature. The excellent flight performance of flying animals will inevitably become a source of inspiration for researchers. Bio-inspired flight systems have become one of the most exciting disruptive aviation technologies. This review is focused on the recent progresses in bio-inspired flight systems and bionic aerodynamics. First, the development path of Biomimetic Air Vehicles (BAVs) for bio-inspired flight systems and the latest mimetic progress are summarized. The advances of the flight principles of several natural creatures are then introduced, from the perspective of bionic aerodynamics. Finally, several new challenges of bionic aerodynamics are proposed for the autonomy and intelligent development trend of the bio-inspired smart aircraft. This review will provide an important insight in designing new biomimetic air vehicles.     

仿枫树种子微型飞行器的总体与飞行控制设计

通过模拟枫树种子独特的自旋飞行方式,设计了一种仿枫树种子的新型微型飞行器。参考枫树种子的外形与重量分布来完成该微型飞行器的总体布局设计,同时采用动态网格非定常流场方法计算分析了该飞行器不同转速下的飞行工况。根据这种飞行器独特的飞行方式,基于地磁场的方位定标,设计了这类自身无固定参考系飞行器的飞行控制方法,最后制造了样机进行飞行试验。结果表明：仿枫树种子微型飞行器具有良好的气动效率,所设计的操纵方案有效可靠,大大增加了这种飞行器的可控性和实用性。     

临近空间拦截弹的非奇异终端滑模控制

针对临近空间直接力/气动力复合控制拦截弹的抗干扰控制问题,提出了一种基于有限时间干扰观测器(FTDO)的非奇异终端滑模(NTSM)复合跟踪控制策略。首先,设计FTDO估计系统的不匹配干扰;在此基础上,设计基于FTDO的NTSM复合控制律,获取期望的控制力矩。接着,考虑到作为执行机构的气动舵和反作用喷气装置存在冗余性,进一步提出了一种动态控制分配算法实现期望控制指令到执行机构的分配,获得良好的控制分配精度和较小的执行机构能耗。最后,仿真结果验证了所设计复合控制系统的有效性。     

利用自然能临近空间浮空器的热特性分析

为解决临近空间浮空器驻留期间面临的“超热”、“超压”和“定点抗风”等难题,研究了一种新型的临近空间浮空器,其利用自然界的热能和风能,变“不利”为“有利”,通过简易可行的技术手段实现飞行高度和轨迹的控制,从而实现持久区域驻留。首先建立该新型浮空器的稳态热平衡模型并进行超热值的估算,然后分析系统参数。计算结果表明蒙皮的太阳吸收率和红外发射率对超热值有着重要影响,合理地选择热控涂层可以满足该新型浮空器的设计要求。     

超燃冲压发动机准一维建模研究

在准一维流理论的基础上,考虑了燃料流量、截面变化、壁面摩擦、燃烧效率、化学反应放热等因素,应用影响系数法,构建了包括前体/进气道、隔离段、燃烧室、后体/尾喷管的超燃冲压发动机内流场准一维分析模型,可快速计算发动机参数沿轴向的变化以及出口值,便于发动机性能分析;以一个机体/推进一体化单模块飞行器为研究对象,通过与三维CFD数值模型进行对比。结果表明,准一维计算模型能较好地对超燃冲压发动机进行快速计算与分析,在超燃冲压发动机的初步研究阶段具有重要的应用价值。     

火箭引射模态下主火箭总压与RBCC发动机的匹配性

基于传统的"等压面假设"理论,建立了RBCC发动机主火箭的引射性能分析模型,研究了主火箭总压与RBCC发动机的匹配性。研究结果表明,若隔离段通道面积比小于0.65,在主火箭总压较低条件下,隔离段内二次流容易达到壅塞,无法进一步提高空气流量;在地面静止状态下,随主火箭总压增加,空气流量逐步增大,等压面上形成Fabri壅塞后,进一步增加主火箭总压,反而会降低空气流量;在火箭引射模态下,RBCC发动机的工作状态可细分为引射作用占主导地位的进气道亚临界状态和临界状态、冲压作用占主导地位的进气道超临界状态,其分界马赫数分别约为0.7和1.5。     

基于FPGA的星载步进电机控制电路设计

针对航天设备在轨运行时间长、不易更换的特点,提出了一种力矩宽且范围可调的步进电机控制电路设计。该电路原理样机以Xilinx公司的XC3S400pq-208型FPGA为核心控制芯片,以LMD18200为步进电机驱动芯片。在对电路总体设计进行介绍的基础上,重点阐述了航天过程中步进电机阻力矩增加的问题,以及通过脉冲频率和PWM控制技术调节输出力矩的方法。试验结果表明,力矩可调范围的最大值能够使力矩裕度达到4,匹配步进电机在轨运行过程中的力矩要求。     

Plant experiments with light-emitting diode module in Svet space greenhouse

Light is necessary for photosynthesis and shoot orientation in the space plant growth facilities. Light modules (LM) must provide sufficient photosynthetic photon flux for optimal efficiency of photosynthetic processes and also meet the constraints for power, volume and mass. A new LM for Svet space greenhouse using Cree® XLamp® 7090 XR light-emitting diodes (LEDs) was developed. Monochromic LEDs emitting in the red, green, and blue regions of the spectrum were used. The LED-LM contains 36 LED spots – 30 LED spots with one red, green and blue LED and 6 LED spots with three red LEDs. Digital Multiplex Control Unit controls the LED spots and can set 231 levels of light intensity thus achieving Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) in the range 0–400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and different percentages of the red, green and blue light, depending on the experimental objectives. Two one-month experiments with plants – lettuce and radicchio were carried out at 400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD (high light – HL) and 220 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD (low light – LL) and 70% red, 20% green and 10% blue light composition. To evaluate the efficiency of photosynthesis, in vivo modulated chlorophyll fluorescence was measured by Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) fluorometer on leaf discs and the following parameters: effective quantum yield of Photosystem II (Φ_PSII) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were calculated. Both lettuce and radicchio plants grown at LL express higher photochemical activity of Photosystem II (PSII) than HL grown plants, evaluated by Φ_PSII. Accelerated rise in NPQ in both LL grown plants was observed, while steady state NPQ values were higher in LL grown lettuce plants and did not differ in LL and HL grown radicchio plants. The extent of photoinhibition process in both plants was evaluated by changes in malonedialdehyde (MDA) concentration, peroxidase (POX) activity and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content. Accumulation of high levels of MDA and increased POX activity correlating with decreased H₂O₂ content were observed in both HL grown plants. These biochemical indicators revealed higher sensitivity to photodamage in HL grown lettuce and radicchio plants. LL conditions resulted in more effective functioning of PSII than HL when lettuce and radicchio plants were grown at 70% red, 20% green and 10% blue light composition.     

一种改进的UAV三维航迹实时规划算法

航迹规划对于战场环境中无人机完成其作战任务具有非常重要的意义.针对真实战场环境中低空无人机的三维航迹实时规划问题,构建了一个更加真实的战场威胁精简模型;提出遗传个体的基因优劣对比度,改进一种共享小生境遗传算法中编码基因的遗传特性.经过改进,增大优化基因的遗传概率,实现提高小生境遗传算法的全局优化能力和收敛速度,增强航迹规划的实时性.对三维数字地形空间进行定长网格编码,将改进的小生境遗传算法应用于三维虚拟战场环境中的无人机航迹规划,实验验证了改进算法的有效性,并能满足在线航迹规划的实时性要求.