Observed Long-Term Variations of Solar Irradiance at the Earth’s Surface

The variation of global radiation (sum of direct solar and diffuse sky radiation) at the Earth’s surface is examined based on pyranometer measurements at about 400~sites. The period of the study covers in general the last 50 years. For Europe the study is extended to the beginning of observations in the 1920s and 1930s. Global radiation generally increased in Europe from the 1920s to the 1950s. After the late 1950s and early 1960s global radiation began to decrease in most areas of the world at a mean rate of 0.7 Wm⁻²a⁻¹ until 1980s, thereafter 75%; of the stations showed a recovery at a mean rate of 0.7 Wm⁻²a⁻¹. All stations in the Polar region, which are far from aerosol sources, also show this pattern of change. At the remaining 25% of the stations the decrease has continued to present. These regions are a part of China, most of India, and Central Africa. Both during the declining and recovering phases global radiation observed under the cloudless condition also followed the same tendency, indicating the simultaneous and parallel changes of aerosol and cloud conditions. Long-term observations of total zenith transmittance of the atmosphere indicate a decrease in transmittance to the mid 1980s and an increase after this period. Since the brighter and darker periods correspond to relatively warmer and colder periods, the present study offers the possibility to quantitatively evaluate the mutual relationships between the solar irradiance, atmospheric transmittance, cloud conditions and air temperature.     

互相关算法在泄漏发射信息处理中的应用

由于环境噪声的影响,重建TEMPESTATTACK设备截获的电磁泄漏信息的质量很差。为此,介绍一种互相关处理技术的基本原理及在检测弱信号中的应用。首先提出了用互相关技术提取行同步信息的新方法,并用Matlab仿真加以验证,最后对TEMPESTATTACK设备输出的视频信号进行了互相关平均处理,使重建的信息图像稳定、可辨识。     

单光束红外光二氧化碳分析仪

介绍了单光束红外光二氧化碳分析仪，该分析仪基于朗伯－比尔定律，采用光源稳流，单片机温度补偿及选用高性能红外探测器等技术，能够对二氧化碳气体进行有效准确的测量和分析，且结构简单，体积小，重量轻，功耗低，响应速度快，可靠性高，具有广阔的应用前景。     

Radiative properties of pulsar magnetospheres

We discuss recent results of radius to frequency mapping of pulsars. This method shows that for 43 pulsars the radio emission originates near the polar cap for millisecond pulsars and a few hundred km away for longer period pulsars. If the magnetospheres of these object contain dipolar magnetic fields, the corresponding magnetic field strength in the emission region is about 10⁷ gauss, for all pulsars in the sample. We investigate possible physical reasons for the location of the radio emission.     

激光加工技术在工业生产中的应用

激光加工技术在工业生产中的应用愈来愈广泛，激光切割和激光表面淬火的研究和应用也很广泛，根据这两项较成熟的技术提出激光加热切削，进而改变材料的切削加工性。     

Radio Diagnostics of the Solar Flare Reconnection

First, high-frequency (HF) slowly drifting pulsating structures are interpreted as radio emissions of electron beams accelerated in the magnetic reconnection volume and injected into magnetic islands (plasmoids). Then, the time evolution of plasma parameters (density, magnetic field, etc.) in a 2-D MHD model of solar flare reconnection is computed numerically. Assuming plasma radio emission from locations where the “double-resonance’’ instability generates upper-hybrid (UH) waves due to unstable distribution function of suprathermal electrons, the radio spectra and spatial source structures in the reconnection region are modeled. By comparison of the modeled and observed spectra a remarkable similarity has been found between the computed narrow-band emission and the observed lace bursts. Finally, a new diagnostics of the reconnection process is proposed.     

十一组元高温平衡、非平衡空气光谱吸收系数计算

飞行器以很高的马赫数再入大气层时 ,头部激波层、尾迹的气体辐射产生的紫外、可见、红外特征信号 ,是地面监测和反导制导系统探测、识别的主要依据 ;同时 ,头部气体层热辐射也是再入体壁面加热热流的重要源项。激波层内高温气体吸收系数是目标紫外、可见光、红外辐射特性计算、热防护计算和气动流场辐射场耦合计算的基本参数。本文分析了再入过程中高超声速稀薄气体流的非平衡现象 ,采用三温度模型 (电子能温度 Te、振动能温度 TV、转动和平动能温度 TR)来表征激波层内非平衡态的气体组份各个能级占有数分布 ,并由原子分子辐射理论直接计算 N2 ,N+ 2 ,N,N+ ,O2 ,O+ 2 ,O,O+ ,NO,NO+和 e-等 1 1种主要空气组元各种能级跃迁对辐射的贡献 ,最终得到平稀和非平衡高温空气吸收系数计算模型。计算结果可见光区与试验结果符合较好 ,紫外、红外区结果稍差     

强辐射条件下应变测量的抗干扰技术研究

在强辐射强电磁脉冲干扰环境条件下 ,为保证应变测量的实现 ,经模拟试验研究 ,应变测量采用一系列抗干扰技术措施 ,包括所用元器件材料的选择 ,传感应变计安装方式 ,组桥接线方式 ,密封屏蔽等技术。还介绍了这些技术措施在某试验现场应变测试试验中的应用概况。     

一种抑制超声速气流红外辐射的新途径

试验测定了波反馈装置对高温超声速射流的激励效果。主喷管喉道直径为３５ ｍ ｍ ,进口总温和总压分别为８００ Ｋ及２７４．４ ｋＰａ。结果表明,影响激励效果的主要几何参数有锥形反射器的扩张角、反射器母线长度和反射器与主喷管的相对位置。当扩张半角为４５°, 母线长度为４０ｍ ｍ 以及锥形反射器起始截面与主喷管出口齐平时, 激励效果最好, 在Ｘ／Ｄ＝ ６～８ 范围内, 激励后的轴心温度可降低约１２０ Ｋ, 并可望使超声速喷气流的红外辐射强度降低约４０％ ～４５％ 。     

Moon surface radiation environment analysis for February 1956 solar event conditions

The radiation environment on the surface of the Moon presents a new source of particles resulting from the interaction of incoming solar protons and galactic cosmic rays with the lunar regolith. Here we present a study of the fluence profile of primary and secondary particles on the top 1 m layer of lunar regolith for the spectrum of one of the hardest spectrum solar event, that of February 1956. Different regolith compositions and their influence in proton and neutron production and backscattering is considered, as well as the nature of the backscattered radiation. Simple geometry Monte Carlo simulations have been used also for calculating regolith shielding properties, and it is shown that a layer of at least 50 cm regolith is needed for significantly reducing the dose levels received by astronauts in a hypothetical lunar habitat.