Efficient prediction of ground noise from helicopters and parametric studies based on acoustic mapping

Based on the acoustic mapping, a prediction model for the ground noise radiated from an in-flight helicopter is established. For the enhancement of calculation efficiency, a high-efficiency second-level acoustic radiation model capable of taking the influence of atmosphere absorption on noise into account is first developed by the combination of the point-source idea and the rotor noise radiation characteristics. The comparison between the present model and the direct computation method of noise is done and the high efficiency of the model is validated. Rotor free-wake analysis method and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation are applied to the aerodynamics and noise prediction in the present model. Secondly, a database of noise spheres with the characteristic parameters of advance ratio and tip-path-plane angle is established by the helicopter trim model together with a parametric modeling approach. Furthermore, based on acoustic mapping, a method of rapid simulation for the ground noise radiated from an in-flight helicopter is developed. The noise footprint for AH-1 rotor is then calculated and the influence of some parameters including advance ratio and flight path angle on ground noise is deeply analyzed using the developed model. The results suggest that with the increase of advance ratio and flight path angle, the peak noise levels on the ground first increase and then decrease, in the meantime, the maximum Sound Exposure Level (SEL) noise on the ground shifts toward the advancing side of rotor. Besides, through the analysis of the effects of longitudinal forces on miss-distance and rotor Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) noise in descent flight, some meaningful results for reducing the BVI noise on the ground are obtained.     

大型或复杂构形辐射等效热平衡试验方法

对于大型或复杂构形不能参加的不完整状态热平衡试验,提出并证明了使试验等效完整状态的必要条件,即补偿两种状态下参试部位吸收的辐射热流之差。为验证这种等效方法的充分性,利用两种热分析软件对一个构造算例的多种状态进行了数值试验,结果表明方法可行。     

热控涂层参数对卫星辐射特性的影响

为分析卫星红外和可见光双光谱辐射特性,分别建立了采用节点网络法求解卫星表面热控涂层温度和卫星辐射特性的计算模型,依据粗糙表面光散射理论计算了涂层表面对太阳、地球和地球反照辐射的吸收和反射。通过数值模拟,计算分析了卫星对地面的温度变化规律。最后,选择不同的热控涂层参数,获得了对卫星在红外和可见光波段的辐射特征的影响。     

航天器在轨全过程表面辐射热计算数值仿真研究

对在轨航天器表面辐射热计算进行了全过程数值仿真研究。航天器结构较复杂,针对不同结构进行区域分解,对几何模型进行相应的规则化,同时采用结构化网格和非结构化网格建立通用的计算网格自生成技术。仿真过程重点考虑了任意曲面的网格自动划分和任意形状交界面的数据传递,兼顾几何结构、物理过程、计算精度和计算速度。将有限元法和能束均匀分布法相结合计算角系数和辐射传递系数。将积分法和能束均匀分布法相结合计算外热流。由于在轨航天器表面多用多层隔热组件包裹,针对这部分结构采用节点网络法和控制容积法计算其表面温度,而未被包裹的结构采用有限元法计算其表面温度。对具有辐射换热关系的非连通区域温度场的有限元计算进行了分析和公式推导。最后,用Microsoft VC++6.0编程设计开发了近地轨道航天器表面辐射热计算仿真软件。     

一种基于有限元/边界元耦合方法的管道进口声传播及声辐射模型

本文发展了一种基于有限元和边界元耦合方法的管道进口声传播及声辐射计算模型。该模型将整个声场分为内部有限域和外部无界域,分别用有限元和边界元方法求解控制方程,在二者之间的界面上使用具有物理意义的声阻抗参数进行匹配,并通过一种快速迭代方法实现全声场求解。这种迭代方法可以保证有限元刚度矩阵等带宽以及对称的特性不被破坏,有助于提高计算效率。该模型先得到了Levine and Schwinger标准解的检验,进而在无流动情况下对于简化的航发短舱进口管道模型进行了噪声辐射现象的数值模拟,最后基于计算结果分析了声衬对远场声辐射的影响。     

高空气球热力学模型与上升过程仿真分析

基于对高空气球热力学环境的分析,建立了热力学与动力学耦合的高空气球动力学模型;并采用该模型对某高空气球的上升与驻留过程进行仿真分析.结果表明:高空气球上升过程中内部氦气存在"超冷"现象,其中平流层区域"超冷"明显,氦气平均温差为-19 K;由于"超冷",其上升速度曲线呈双"V"形变化;强太阳辐射与弱对流环境使驻留过程中氦气呈现"超热"现象,平衡时氦气平均温度比环境温度高39 K,球内氦气超压648.8 Pa.数值仿真的速度、平均温度变化规律与相关飞行试验数据相吻合,说明该仿真模型是有效的.      

涡扇发动机引射喷管的红外辐射特性数值研究

红外隐身技术对提高未来战机战场生存力具有重要意义,发动机排气系统是飞机后半球的主要红外辐射源。为了研究涡扇发动机引射喷管的红外辐射特性,结合引射喷管的CFD计算,采用离散传递法计算红外辐射强度,研究了普通引射喷管以及带5°下倾角的引射喷管后半球3～5μm以及8～14μm波段的红外辐射强度空间分布规律,并与相似尺寸的涡扇/涡喷发动机收缩喷管进行比较。结果表明：在探测角度较大时,涡扇发动机引射喷管的红外辐射强度较收缩喷管小20%左右;引射喷管结构上的非对称性导致红外辐射强度角向分布也呈现非对称性特征;8～14μm波段与3～5μm波段的红外辐射空间分布规律基本相同,但辐射能量小40%左右。     

Cytogenetic examination of cosmonauts for space radiation exposure estimation

Purpose

To evaluate radiation induced chromosome aberration frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cosmonauts who participated in flights on Mir Orbital Station and ISS (International Space Station).

Materials and methods

Cytogenetic examination which has been performed in the period 1992–2008 included the analysis of chromosome aberrations using conventional Giemsa staining method in 202 blood samples from 48 cosmonauts who participated in flights on Mir Orbital Station and ISS.

Results

Space flights led to an increase of chromosome aberration frequency. Frequency of dicentrics plus centric rings (Dic+Rc) depend on the space flight duration and accumulated dose value. After the change of space stations (from Mir Orbital Station to ISS) the radiation load of cosmonauts based on data of cytogenetic examination decreased. Extravehicular activity also adds to chromosome aberration frequency in cosmonauts’ blood lymphocytes. Average doses after the first flight, estimated by the frequency of Dic+Rc, were 227 and 113 mGy Eq for long-term flights (LTF) and 107 and 53 mGy Eq for short-term flights (STF).

Conclusion

Cytogenetic examination of cosmonauts can be applied to assess equivalent doses.     

卫星在轨太阳辐射热流的简化计算方法

针对卫星在轨太阳辐射热流计算过程中计算参数多,计算过程复杂的问题,提出了一种简化的计算方法。该方法在分析卫星、地球和太阳三者之间空间几何关系的基础上,建立了新的计算坐标系,在计算坐标系中对卫星、地球和太阳的位置进行了重新规定,并在此坐标系中推导了卫星太阳辐射热流的计算公式。运用此方法对卫星太阳辐射热流进行分析求解时,轨道参数之间的空间角度关系更为简单,仅需对7个主要参数进行计算,与传统方法相比较计算量减少了约2/3。     

Infrared radiation simulation of exhaust system by coupling FVM with narrow band k-distribution

A three-dimensional infrared radiation code for exhaust system was developed by the finite volume method coupled with narrow band k-distribution in non-gray absorbing-emitting media. The final infrared signature had considered the atmosphere effect, and the simulation values were favorably consistent with testing ones. The results indicate that the relative errors considering the effect of atmosphere compared with that of the contrary condition reduce by 31%, it shows that when simulating the infrared radiation of the target which is received by the infrared detectors, even the calculation band is in atmospheric windows 3~5 μm, the effect of atmospheric transmission on infrared signature of the target should not be neglected.