Study of GNSS-measured ionospheric total electron content variations generated by powerful HF-heating

The purpose of this work is to report the experimental evidences for the influence of perturbations in the electron density in the dayside mid-latitude ionosphere, that are caused by high-frequency heating of the F2 layer, on the GNSS signals. The experiments were carried out at the Sura heater (Radio Physical Research Institute, N. Novgorod). During the sessions of ionospheric heating with different time modulations of the radiated power the rays linking the navigational satellites with the ground receiver intersected the heated region. Variations in the total electron content (TEC) were studied; these variations are proportional to the reduced phases of navigational signals. It is shown that with the square-wave modulation of the radiated power (with periods of 1, 6, 10 and 15 min), perturbations with periods of the main modulation of heating and its harmonics appear in the spectrum of TEC variations. Examples are presented of identification of the heating-induced variations in TEC, including determination of the amplitudes and time characteristics of these variations.     

三角翼DBD等离子体流动控制研究进展

现代战机采用较多的三角翼，在大迎角绕流时存在前缘涡破裂等气动问题。作为新型主动流动控制技术，等离子体激励频带宽、响应快、结构简单、便于闭环控制，在解决三角翼气动问题上具有潜力。回顾了介质阻挡放电（DBD）等离子体气动激励的基本原理，及其用于三角翼前缘涡控制的研究进展。从来流条件、几何构型、激励参数等方面分析了DBD等离子体激励对流动控制效果的影响规律；结合不同激励频率下流场演化特性，分析了流动控制机理。最后，从理论研究和工程应用的角度，对三角翼前缘涡控制的发展进行总结展望。     

Modeling novel methodologies for unmanned aerial systems–Applications to the UAS-S4 Ehecatl and the UAS-S45 Bálaam

The rising demand for Unmanned Aerial Systems(UASs) to perform tasks in hostile environments has emphasized the need for their simulation models for the preliminary evaluations of their missions. The efficiency of the UAS model is directly related to its capacity to estimate its flight dynamics with minimum computational resources. The literature describes several techniques to estimate accurate aircraft flight dynamics. Most of them are based on system identification. This paper presents an alternative methodology to obtain complete model of the S4 and S45 unmanned aerial systems. The UAS-S4 and the UAS-S45 models were divided into four sub-models, each corresponding to a specific discipline: aerodynamics, propulsion, mass and inertia, and actuator. The‘‘aerodynamic" sub-model was built using the Fderivatives in-house code, which is an improvement of the classical DATCOM procedure. The ‘‘propulsion" sub-model was obtained by coupling a two-stroke engine model based on the ideal Otto cycle and a Blade Element Theory(BET) analysis of the propeller. The ‘‘mass and the inertia" sub-model was designed utilizing the Raymer and DATCOM methodologies. A sub-model of an actuator using servomotor characteristics was employed to complete the model. The total model was then checked by validation of each submodel with numerical and experimental data. The results indicate that the obtained model was accurate and could be used to design a flight simulator.     

自制等离子喷枪冷却系统的设计及测试

等离子喷枪是制备热障涂层中的研究重点。目前关于等离子喷枪的研究多集中于喷嘴(阳极)、阴极,鲜有关于喷枪冷却系统方面的研究;喷枪冷却系统的优劣直接影响喷枪的工作寿命和喷涂过程的稳定性,同时制备热障涂层的质量也与冷却效果紧密相关。本文利用三维模型,详细阐述了自制的喷枪冷却系统通道及工作原理,并对设计进行了理论计算,对自制的喷枪进行点火试验和喷涂测试,结果显示自制的喷枪冷却系统功能良好,喷枪工作稳定,涂层质量较好。     

Application of small-size antennas for estimation of angles of arrival of HF signals scattered by ionospheric irregularities

A modification of the Doppler Interferometry Technique is suggested to enable estimating angles of arrival of comparatively broadband HF signals scattered by random irregularities of the ionospheric plasma with the use of small-size weakly directional antennas. The technique is based on the measurements of cross-spectra phases of the probe radiation recorded at least in three spatially separated points. The developed algorithm has been used to investigate the angular and frequency-time characteristics of HF signals propagating at frequencies above the maximum usable one (MUF) for the direct radio path Moscow-Kharkiv. The received signal spectra show presence of three families of spatial components attributed, respectively, to scattering by plasma irregularities near the middle point of the radio path, ground backscatter signals and scattering of the sounding signals by the intense plasma turbulence associated with auroral activations. It has been shown that the regions responsible for the formation of the third family components are located well inside the auroral oval. The drift velocity and direction of the auroral ionosphere plasma have been determined. The obtained estimates are consistent with the classical conception of the ionospheric plasma convection at high latitudes and do not contradict the results of investigations of the auroral ionosphere dynamics using the SuperDARN network.     

Spectroscopy peculiarities of thermal plasma of electric arc discharge between electrodes with Zn admixtures

Plasma of the free burning electric arc between Ag–SnO₂–ZnO composite electrodes as well as brass electrodes were investigated. The plasma temperature distributions were obtained by Boltzmann plot method involving Cu I, Ag I or Zn I spectral line emissions. The electron density distributions were obtained from the width and from absolute intensity of spectral lines. The laser absorption spectroscopy was used for measurement of copper atom concentration in plasma. Plasma equilibrium composition was calculated using two independent groups of experimental values (temperature and copper atom concentration, temperature and electron density). It was found that plasma of the free burning electric arc between brass electrodes is in local thermodynamical equilibrium. The experimental verification of the spectroscopic data of Zn I spectral lines was carried out.     

吸气式电推进系统可行条件分析

吸气式电推进系统作为有可能实现长寿命超低轨飞行的技术而被关注。根据不同轨道环境条件,采用管状结构进气道、以及机械增压的吸气方式,讨论了吸气式电推进系统所需的可行条件。分析表明,在轨高度180~240km,航天器所需总功耗与迎风面之比需要大于2kW/m2,电推力器比冲需大于4×104m/s,方可满足推阻平衡需求。分析得出,实现吸气式系统在地球轨道的运用,关键技术在于增加气体收集效率并且降低收集功耗,同时电推力器的效率还需进一步提升。     

化学-电喷双模推进系统的研究现状及展望

传统的化学推进和电推进拥有不同的特点及适用范围.化学推进可以产生毫牛级至牛级推力,相比于电推进,推力大,推力范围宽;电推进比冲高达上千秒,最小可以产生微牛级推力.但两种模式单独执行任务有一定的局限性,难以完成较为复杂的航天任务.化学推进与电推进相结合的双模推进系统,同时拥有高比冲和较宽的推力范围,为航天器提供了更高的任...     

液氧甲烷重复使用辅助动力系统方案与进展

航班化航天运输系统的应用需求日趋迫切,基于液氧/甲烷(LOX/LCH₄)发动机的可重复使用运载火箭成为国内外研究热点。面向某型运载火箭对一级返回辅助动力系统的需求,提出了基于电动泵的主辅一体化液氧甲烷系统方案和独立挤压式液氧甲烷系统方案,开展了方案比选和应用优势分析,并介绍了液氧甲烷轨姿控发动机和低温表面张力贮箱的研究基础,以及国内首款液氧甲烷轨姿控推进系统集成演示试验情况。液氧甲烷辅助动力系统可以实现全箭推进剂的统一和无毒化,助力运载火箭走向高效及完全可重复使用。选择切实可行的“分步走”策略,优先开展挤压式液氧甲烷辅助动力系统的工程化研制与飞行应用,逐步实现基于电动泵的主辅一体化液氧甲烷辅助动力系统在重复使用运载火箭和低温上面级等领域应用。     

环境压力大偏差条件下拉瓦尔喷管发动机高空推力的确定

简析了拉瓦尔喷管发动机高空模拟试验的特殊性,提出了大模拟偏差条件下确定和修正拉瓦尔喷管发动机推力的方法。试验结果表明,在保证推力不确定度优于1.0%的条件下,拉瓦尔喷管发动机高空模拟试验的模拟偏差容限约为14%。当设备能力限制或其他特殊原因而采用环境压力大模拟偏差技术时,可以采用本研究的推力系数确定方法确定发动机的推力。