模拟月壤可行驶性的离散元数值分析

基于模拟月壤扫描电镜显微照片,建立土颗粒的几何模型,提出不规则形状颗粒群系统的生成策略,构建模拟月壤颗粒间接触的简化本构模型,并利用量纲分析法和双轴压缩试验离散元模拟,建立土宏观力学特性与细观模型参数的关系,结合模拟月壤的三轴压缩试验数据确定离散元模型参数.在月球重力环境下,对轮-土交互作用进行离散元模拟,推导土壤推力的细观表达式,定性分析不同滑转率时土颗粒的动态行为,定量分析模拟月壤的可行驶性.研究结果表明,土壤推力随滑转率的提高而增大;当车轮以高滑转率行驶时,土壤推力相对行驶时间存在瞬态和稳态2个阶段,并且瞬态值高于稳态值.     

Depth dependency of neutron density produced by cosmic rays in the lunar subsurface

Depth dependency of neutrons produced by cosmic rays (CRs) in the lunar subsurface was estimated using the three-dimensional Monte Carlo particle and heavy ion transport simulation code, PHITS, incorporating the latest high energy nuclear data, JENDL/HE-2007. The PHITS simulations of equilibrium neutron density profiles in the lunar subsurface were compared with the measurement by Apollo 17 Lunar Neutron Probe Experiment (LNPE). Our calculations reproduced the LNPE data except for the 350–400 mg/cm² region under the improved condition using the CR spectra model based on the latest observations, well-tested nuclear interaction models with systematic cross section data, and JENDL/HE-2007.     

高速列车受电弓气动力特性测量

介绍高速列车受电弓在北京空气动力研究所FD 09低速风洞进行空气动力特性的测量结果。试件为实物,分原型弓和改型弓。试验时速为80～300km。测量结果表明,改型弓阻力较原型弓平均低19%,同时表明,弓头阻力占受电弓总气动阻力的14%～21%。因此,受电弓和弓头结构外形设计必须考虑气动性能。利用不同高度和斜度档板(围裙)方案,可以有效降低受电弓气动阻力和气动噪音,但列车总阻力将可能增加。     

The first new application of the Mathematical Theory of Stochastic Processes to lunar and planetary science: Topography-Profile Diagrams of Mars

The Mathematical Statistics Theory (MST) and the Mathematical Theory of Stochastic Processes (MTSP) are different branches of the more general Mathematical Probability Theory (MPT) that can be used to investigate physical processes through mathematics. Each model of a stochastic process, according to MTSP, can provide one or more interpretations in the MST domain. A large body of work on impact crater statistics according to MST exists, showing cumulative crater frequency (N km⁻²) as a function of age (years) for some particular crater diameter. However, this is only one possible representation in the MST domain of the bombardment of the planetary surface modeled as a stochastic process according to MTSP. The idea that other representations are possible in the MST domain of the same stochastic process from MTSP has been recently presented. The importance of the approach is that each such mathematical-based interpretation can provide a large amount of new information. Coupled with MOLA data, Topography-Profile Diagrams (TPD) are one of the many examples that can provide a large amount of new information regarding the history of Mars. TPD consists of: (1) Topography-Profile Curve (TPC), which is a representation of the planet’s topography, (2) Density-of-Craters Curve (DCC), which represents density of craters, (3) Filtered-DCC (FDCC), which represents DCC filtered by a low-pass filter, included with the purpose of reducing the noise, and (4) Level-of-Substance-Over-Time Curve (LSOTC), which represents interpretation of the influence on the distribution of craters shown by FDCC. TPC uniquely corresponds to the computation of TPD, whereas DCC depends on algorithms for computing the elevation of each crater according to the topography, center coordinates, and radius of impact crater, and FDCC relies on the architecture of the custom designed low-pass filter for filtering DCC. However, all variations of DCC and FDCC, which includes the various impact crater data sets, showed a correlation among the density of craters and elevation over 70–80% of the planet surface. Additionally, if we assume that the ocean primarily caused the noted correlation, LSOTC offers a mathematical approach for estimating topographic change of the ocean’s extent over time. Accordingly, TPD is the first new practical application of MTSP to lunar and planetary sciences, showing correlation of topography to a physical process.     

Photochemistry in Outer Solar System Atmospheres

The photochemistries of the H₂-He atmospheres of the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn and ice giants Uranus and Neptune and Titan’s mildly reducing N₂ atmosphere are reviewed in terms of general chemical and physical principles. The thermochemical furnace regions in the deep atmospheres and the photochemical regions of the giant planets are coupled by vertical mixing to ensure efficient recyling of photochemical products. On Titan,mass loss of hydrogen ensures photochemical evolution of methane into less saturated hydrocarbons. A summary discussion of major dissociation paths and essential chemical reactions is given. The chapter ends with a overview of vertical transport processes in planetary atmospheres.     

Measurements of the 12C/13C Ratio in Planetary Nebulae and Implications for Stellar Evolution

We present the results of a study aimed at determining the 12C/13C ratio in two samples of planetary nebulae (PNe) by means of mm-wave observations of 12CO and 13CO. The first group includes six PNe which have been observed in the 3He+ hyperfine transition; the other group consists of 23 nebulae with rich molecular envelopes. We have determined the isotopic ratio in 14 objects and the results indicate a range of values between 9 and 23. In particular, three PNe have ratios well below the value predicted by standard evolutionary models ( 20), indicating that some extra-mixing process has occurred in these stars. We briefly discuss the implications of our results for standard and nonstandard stellar nucleosynthesis.     

实例推理中遗传训练算法用于机械失效模式识别的研究

采用实例推理和遗传算法相结合的方法，研究了航空机械零部件失效模式识别的问题。对用于识别的失效属性的选择、检索相似度计算、训练用遗传算法的适应度函数设计以及训练策略的影响进行了较为详细的描述。应用测试表明，对包含分布均衡的3种模式的情况取得了高于74．67％的识别率，所获得的最佳权值向量对另外2种模式具有很好的识别精度（大于73．3％），对混合多模式情况也具有较好的推广能力。验证了该方法对航空零部件失效模式的识别是可行的。     

空间尘埃的充电过程及与等离子体参数的关系

考虑了地球附近的彗星、行星环、行星际介质等空间尘埃等离子体环境中尘埃颗粒的充电问题．应用典型的空间尘埃等离子体参数，计算了不同种类的尘埃颗粒，以及不同等离子体成分下等离子体中尘粒的平衡电势，得到了尘埃颗粒的平衡电势与尘埃等离子体成分、温度，及其他等离子体参数之间的相互关系．     

高速列车进出隧道空气动力学特征模型实验分析

高速列车在进出隧道时,会产生一系列气动效应,以致于在隧道周围形成噪声污染,降低列车乘坐的舒适度。模型实验是研究和解决这些问题的有效方法。在建立高速列车模型实验相似准则的基础上,利用压缩空气式高速列车模型发射系统对高速列车进入隧道过程进行了模型实验,对测试结果进行了分析,得出压缩波产生、传播的一些规律,并将测试结果与现场实测数据进行比较,验证了模型实验结果的可用性和相似准则的正确性。     

高速列车穿越隧道时一维非定常流的数值研究

本文采用特征线方法，对高速列车穿越隧道时引起的一维非定常流动进行数值研究，在流动的控制方程中，对Ｋａｇｅ等人的能量方程进行了修正，以计入侧壁在径向运动时对气体做功，该修正一方面从理论上消除了能量方程与等熵假定间存在的不致性，另一方面，数值计算的结果表明，侧壁径向运动时气体做功的影响在本项研究中是不能被忽略的。