行星软着陆GPS有模型强化学习制导方法

由于距离地球较远、测控延时误差较大、飞行环境十分复杂且难以提前预测，行星软着陆的自主制导技术目前存在水平位置估计困难、导航参考信息匮乏、复杂地形着陆困难等挑战。针对行星软着陆存在的困难和挑战，提出了基于引导策略搜索算法的有模型强化学习制导方法，实现了着陆器在初始状态受到扰动时，无需重新规划，仍能在满足约束条件的情况下降落在指定位置。该方法将迭代线性二次调节器作为控制器，产生初始轨迹；其次，使用多层神经网络拟合制导策略；最后，利用控制器监督策略学习，进而收敛产生可行策略。针对行星表面软着陆的仿真验证结果显示该算法仅通过几次循环，即可以实现初始状态变化的快速软着陆。一方面表明了基于有模型强化学习的数据高效利用率，另一方面也证明了强化学习方法在深空探测领域中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Depth dependency of neutron density produced by cosmic rays in the lunar subsurface

Depth dependency of neutrons produced by cosmic rays (CRs) in the lunar subsurface was estimated using the three-dimensional Monte Carlo particle and heavy ion transport simulation code, PHITS, incorporating the latest high energy nuclear data, JENDL/HE-2007. The PHITS simulations of equilibrium neutron density profiles in the lunar subsurface were compared with the measurement by Apollo 17 Lunar Neutron Probe Experiment (LNPE). Our calculations reproduced the LNPE data except for the 350–400 mg/cm² region under the improved condition using the CR spectra model based on the latest observations, well-tested nuclear interaction models with systematic cross section data, and JENDL/HE-2007.     

高速列车受电弓气动力特性测量

介绍高速列车受电弓在北京空气动力研究所FD 09低速风洞进行空气动力特性的测量结果。试件为实物,分原型弓和改型弓。试验时速为80～300km。测量结果表明,改型弓阻力较原型弓平均低19%,同时表明,弓头阻力占受电弓总气动阻力的14%～21%。因此,受电弓和弓头结构外形设计必须考虑气动性能。利用不同高度和斜度档板(围裙)方案,可以有效降低受电弓气动阻力和气动噪音,但列车总阻力将可能增加。     

The first new application of the Mathematical Theory of Stochastic Processes to lunar and planetary science: Topography-Profile Diagrams of Mars

The Mathematical Statistics Theory (MST) and the Mathematical Theory of Stochastic Processes (MTSP) are different branches of the more general Mathematical Probability Theory (MPT) that can be used to investigate physical processes through mathematics. Each model of a stochastic process, according to MTSP, can provide one or more interpretations in the MST domain. A large body of work on impact crater statistics according to MST exists, showing cumulative crater frequency (N km⁻²) as a function of age (years) for some particular crater diameter. However, this is only one possible representation in the MST domain of the bombardment of the planetary surface modeled as a stochastic process according to MTSP. The idea that other representations are possible in the MST domain of the same stochastic process from MTSP has been recently presented. The importance of the approach is that each such mathematical-based interpretation can provide a large amount of new information. Coupled with MOLA data, Topography-Profile Diagrams (TPD) are one of the many examples that can provide a large amount of new information regarding the history of Mars. TPD consists of: (1) Topography-Profile Curve (TPC), which is a representation of the planet’s topography, (2) Density-of-Craters Curve (DCC), which represents density of craters, (3) Filtered-DCC (FDCC), which represents DCC filtered by a low-pass filter, included with the purpose of reducing the noise, and (4) Level-of-Substance-Over-Time Curve (LSOTC), which represents interpretation of the influence on the distribution of craters shown by FDCC. TPC uniquely corresponds to the computation of TPD, whereas DCC depends on algorithms for computing the elevation of each crater according to the topography, center coordinates, and radius of impact crater, and FDCC relies on the architecture of the custom designed low-pass filter for filtering DCC. However, all variations of DCC and FDCC, which includes the various impact crater data sets, showed a correlation among the density of craters and elevation over 70–80% of the planet surface. Additionally, if we assume that the ocean primarily caused the noted correlation, LSOTC offers a mathematical approach for estimating topographic change of the ocean’s extent over time. Accordingly, TPD is the first new practical application of MTSP to lunar and planetary sciences, showing correlation of topography to a physical process.     

来流参数对混合管道流场结构的影响

为了探究来流参数对混合管道流场结构的影响,通过试验和数值计算方法研究了在不同马赫数、静压来流参数条件下的背景流场和激波串流场结构。试验采用高速纹影和压力测量设备分别进行流场的观察和测量,采用喷管支板结构将来流分为上侧二次流、一次流和下侧二次流。试验与数值结果均表明,背景流场中的背景波系、混合层均由支板后缘处产生,背景波系在壁面间反射并与混合层发生干扰作用,背景流场结构较为复杂。一、二次流的静压关系影响混合层的初始发展方向,导致θ从-9°～7°变化,而马赫数决定起始激波与混合层的夹角。依据前缘激波的反射类型、亚声速区面积等特征,混合管道的激波串流场可以分为规则反射型、临界反射型、正向马赫反射型和反向马赫反射型四种典型结构。临界反射型的波后流场在垂直流动方向上具有"亚-超-亚-超"间隔流动的特点。     

基于ADAMS的行星齿轮系刚柔耦合仿真局部缺陷识别

针对行星齿轮系在工作过程中出现的局部缺陷,将引起齿轮啮合异常,并导致冲击异常,其特征频率就会发生变化。现用ADAMS与ANSYS建立行星齿轮系的刚柔耦合模型,通过快速傅里叶变换（FFT）得到其啮合力的频域曲线,并分析无缺陷行星齿轮系的特征频率、行星轮齿局部缺陷的特征频率、太阳轮齿局部缺陷的特征频率。仿真结果与理论值吻合,说明了所建虚拟样机模型可靠,得到无缺陷行星齿轮系的特征频率是265.34Hz,行星轮齿局部缺陷的特征频率是17.67Hz,太阳轮齿局部缺陷的特征频率是36.13Hz,可用于识别行星齿轮系的行星轮或太阳轮局部缺陷。对行星齿轮系振动特性、可靠性的研究具有一定的指导意义。     

对转螺旋桨/桨扇差动行星齿轮机构动力学设计方法及分析

在对转桨扇涡桨推进系统专有的外流对转桨推进器-对转减速齿轮机构-涡桨发动机的总体匹配设计问题中,给出了拖动共轴对转螺旋桨/桨扇类气动负荷的差动行星齿轮机构的一种设计与分析方法.不同于常规,该总体设计方法以机构的动力学参数为输入,诸传动比、诸半径、诸稳态传动受力等为输出,通过方程组得到了该类传动机构诸参数之间的联系.讨论了该类传动机构的设计原则,使用形式,适用的航空原动机类型.通过某当代算例给出了桨和传动机构诸参数的变化区间,变化特点,参数重要性的分析.结果表明:该方法可以快速得到一般总体设计问题中该类齿轮机构所有稳态设计参数的可行解区间与优化解,进而还可以为推进系统部件法数模的非设计点特性模拟提供计算方法.      

高速列车突入隧道与缓冲结构时的数值模拟

对高速列车突入单线隧道-缓冲结构物体系的空气动力学进行了研究，采用有限体积法进行区域离散，控制方程为三维粘性、可压缩、不等熵、非定常流的Navier-Stokes方程，并引进了两种形状的缓冲结构物以了解在隧道入口压缩波前的形成。模拟结果表明，缓冲结构物能有效地降低压力波和微气压波前的压力梯度。     

行星轮系动态特性分析

针对某一具有五个行星轮的2K-H型行星齿轮传动系统,建立了多自由度系统的动力学模型,采用Gill法对系统的运动微分方程进行数值积分,得到了此多自由度系统在刚度激励作用下的动态响应,并计算了轮齿间的动态载荷,其中着重考虑了齿轮接触比和太阳轮中心浮动对动态特性的影响。      

基于火焰面和射流模型的双模态冲压燃烧室一维性能计算

为了快速地得到双模态燃烧室中的参数分布,采用射流模型,获得燃料混合分数的时均值、脉动值以及当量标量耗散率的时均值在双模态冲压发动机燃烧室中的三维分布;采用火焰面模型得到燃烧组分和释热分布,将三维信息通过流道横截面面积平均加入到一维非稳态计算模型,求解流动控制方程得到双模态燃烧室一维参数分布。通过不同类型算例验证,表明该方法能较准确地预测燃烧内壁面压力的变化趋势,克服了燃料射流非一维因素对一维计算方法带来的不利影响。