Magnetosphere Imaging Instrument (MIMI) on the Cassini Mission to Saturn/Titan

The magnetospheric imaging instrument (MIMI) is a neutral and charged particle detection system on the Cassini orbiter spacecraft designed to perform both global imaging and in-situ measurements to study the overall configuration and dynamics of Saturn’s magnetosphere and its interactions with the solar wind, Saturn’s atmosphere, Titan, and the icy satellites. The processes responsible for Saturn’s aurora will be investigated; a search will be performed for substorms at Saturn; and the origins of magnetospheric hot plasmas will be determined. Further, the Jovian magnetosphere and Io torus will be imaged during Jupiter flyby. The investigative approach is twofold. (1) Perform remote sensing of the magnetospheric energetic (E > 7 keV) ion plasmas by detecting and imaging charge-exchange neutrals, created when magnetospheric ions capture electrons from ambient neutral gas. Such escaping neutrals were detected by the Voyager l spacecraft outside Saturn’s magnetosphere and can be used like photons to form images of the emitting regions, as has been demonstrated at Earth. (2) Determine through in-situ measurements the 3-D particle distribution functions including ion composition and charge states (E > 3 keV/e). The combination of in-situ measurements with global images, together with analysis and interpretation techniques that include direct “forward modeling’’ and deconvolution by tomography, is expected to yield a global assessment of magnetospheric structure and dynamics, including (a) magnetospheric ring currents and hot plasma populations, (b) magnetic field distortions, (c) electric field configuration, (d) particle injection boundaries associated with magnetic storms and substorms, and (e) the connection of the magnetosphere to ionospheric altitudes. Titan and its torus will stand out in energetic neutral images throughout the Cassini orbit, and thus serve as a continuous remote probe of ion flux variations near 20R _S (e.g., magnetopause crossings and substorm plasma injections). The Titan exosphere and its cometary interaction with magnetospheric plasmas will be imaged in detail on each flyby. The three principal sensors of MIMI consists of an ion and neutral camera (INCA), a charge–energy–mass-spectrometer (CHEMS) essentially identical to our instrument flown on the ISTP/Geotail spacecraft, and the low energy magnetospheric measurements system (LEMMS), an advanced design of one of our sensors flown on the Galileo spacecraft. The INCA head is a large geometry factor (G ∼ 2.4 cm² sr) foil time-of-flight (TOF) camera that separately registers the incident direction of either energetic neutral atoms (ENA) or ion species (≥5^∘ full width half maximum) over the range 7 keV/nuc < E < 3 MeV/nuc. CHEMS uses electrostatic deflection, TOF, and energy measurement to determine ion energy, charge state, mass, and 3-D anisotropy in the range 3 ≤ E ≤ 220 keV/e with good (∼0.05 cm² sr) sensitivity. LEMMS is a two-ended telescope that measures ions in the range 0.03 ≤ E ≤ 18 MeV and electrons 0.015 ≤ E≤ 0.884 MeV in the forward direction (G ∼ 0.02 cm² sr), while high energy electrons (0.1–5 MeV) and ions (1.6–160 MeV) are measured from the back direction (G ∼ 0.4 cm² sr). The latter are relevant to inner magnetosphere studies of diffusion processes and satellite microsignatures as well as cosmic ray albedo neutron decay (CRAND). Our analyses of Voyager energetic neutral particle and Lyman-α measurements show that INCA will provide statistically significant global magnetospheric images from a distance of ∼60 R _S every 2–3 h (every ∼10 min from ∼20 R _S). Moreover, during Titan flybys, INCA will provide images of the interaction of the Titan exosphere with the Saturn magnetosphere every 1.5 min. Time resolution for charged particle measurements can be < 0.1 s, which is more than adequate for microsignature studies. Data obtained during Venus-2 flyby and Earth swingby in June and August 1999, respectively, and Jupiter flyby in December 2000 to January 2001 show that the instrument is performing well, has made important and heretofore unobtainable measurements in interplanetary space at Jupiter, and will likely obtain high-quality data throughout each orbit of the Cassini mission at Saturn. Sample data from each of the three sensors during the August 18 Earth swingby are shown, including the first ENA image of part of the ring current obtained by an instrument specifically designed for this purpose. Similarily, measurements in cis-Jovian space include the first detailed charge state determination of Iogenic ions and several ENA images of that planet’s magnetosphere.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

高速列车进入带缓冲结构隧道的压力变化研究（I）

给出了列车穿越带有缓冲结构的隧道压力变化的三维粘性流场数值模拟过程，控制方程为三维粘性、可压缩、非定常流的N．S方程，空间离散采用了中心有限体积法格式，时间采用预处理二阶精度多步后差分格式进行离散，对列车与隧道之间的相对运动采用移动网格技术处理。对不同的缓冲结构缓解隧道内瞬变压力及压力梯度的作用进行了研究。研究结果表明，缓冲结构的设置能够有效地降低隧道内的压力和压力梯度的最大值，其原因在于缓冲结构延长了压缩波压力上升的时间，降低列车突入隧道时所形成的最大压力梯度；另一方面由于压缩波在缓冲结构和列车、隧道之间多次的反射，也降低了压力峰值。     

超燃冲压发动机隔离段流场数值模拟

隔离段是双模态超燃冲压发动机实现双模态和模态转换的一个重要部件,同时,它把进气道和燃烧室隔离开,以防止燃烧室工作对进气道干扰,引起进气道不启动。由于隔离段内气体流动的复杂性及其广泛的工程应用前景,隔离段内的流动特性引起了人们的广泛关注。本文使用隐式TVD格式,采用雷诺应力湍流模型,近壁面采用非平衡壁面函数方法处理,控制方程的离散采用二阶迎风格式,对隔离段内的流场进行了数值模拟,并分析了出口反压、来流马赫数对隔离段内流场的影响。     

Numerical investigation on flow nonuniformity-induced hysteresis in scramjet isolator

Numerical simulation and theoretical analysis were conducted to study the hysteresis inside scramjet isolator during the reciprocating process of back pressure variation. It is revealed that only a regular reflection is theoretically possible for two leading shocks when the inflow Mach number is greater than 2.0, and no hysteresis can occur in the transition between shock reflection types. Nevertheless, wall suction, gas injection, and background waves cause non-uniformity of the incoming flow and would make hysteresis possible. Besides the classical hysteresis in the transition between shock reflection, new kinds of hysteresis were found in both the deflection angle of separated boundary layer and the location of the shock train. Moreover, the occurrence of hysteresis in the deflection angle of the separated boundary layer is accompanied with the shock reflection hysteresis. In the case with background waves or gas injection, hysteresis in the starting position of leading shock was observed too. As back pressure decreases, the leading shock does not follow the same path as that as the back pressure increases, and it is anchored at the location where the background shock or the injection interacts with the leading shock. It is inferred that, if two strong adverse pressure gradient regions move towards and interact with each other, hysteresis will take place when they start to separate.     

Nonlinear dynamic modeling of a helicopter planetary gear train for carrier plate crack fault diagnosis

Planetary gear train plays a significant role in a helicopter operation and its health is of great importance for the flight safety of the helicopter. This paper investigates the effects of a planet carrier plate crack on the dynamic characteristics of a planetary gear train, and thus finds an effec-tive method to diagnose crack fault. A dynamic model is developed to analyze the torsional vibra-tion of a planetary gear train with a cracked planet carrier plate. The model takes into consideration nonlinear factors such as the time-varying meshing stiffness, gear backlash and viscous damping. Investigation of the deformation of the cracked carrier plate under static stress is performed in order to simulate the dynamic effects of the planet carrier crack on the angular displacement of car-rier posts. Validation shows good accuracy of the developed dynamic model in predicting dynamic characteristics of a planetary gear train. Fault features extracted from predictions of the model reveal the correspondence between vibration characteristic and the conditions (length and position) of a planet carrier crack clearly.     

国内外行星表面巡视器自主导航技术研究

作为航天技术发展的前沿和趋势,深空探测是人类历史上最为复杂的系统工程之一.星球巡视器是在星球表面移动作业的无人探测系统,能够对星球表面进行大面积、近距离和接触式的考察,是地外星球着陆探测作业的主要手段.星球巡视器导航技术是研究星球巡视器的关键技术之一,其导航自主性能直接影响星球探测计划能否顺利进行.本文首先概述了星球巡...     

非对称来流下隔离段动态压力特性

为了探讨非对称来流下矩形隔离段内动态压力特性,用直联实验方式以及动态压力测量技术进行了试验,并用统计分析方法分析了数据。实验结果表明,入口来流的非对称性对上下壁面压力脉动大小以及传播平均速度有较大影响,而对频率无多大影响。激波串区域内壁面压力脉动向下游传播比向上游传播衰减得快。在隔离段出口超声速条件下,观测到的压力脉动频率主要在70 Hz以下,而在出口亚声速条件时,压力脉动的频率不仅有70Hz以下的部分,而且还有100~200 Hz之间的部分。     

压力恢复系统扩压器激波串现象的数值模拟

通过求解由S-A一方程湍流模式封闭的三维雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,采用有限体积方法对激光器压力恢复系统变截面扩压器常温状态下的三维流场进行了数值模拟.数值计算和实验符合良好,较好模拟了扩压器中由激波/边界层干扰诱导的复杂流场的流场特性并再现了流场中的"激波串"和"伪激波"现象.本文对激波串的形成机理进行了分析,发现了几种变截面扩压器特有的激波串结构,并研究了扩压器扩张角对扩压效率的影响.     

降低气动效应综合措施的实验研究

中国正在大力发展城际高速铁路运输,而在线路中有隧道时,列车进出隧道所产生的微压波问题已经成为限制高速铁路安全、环保、健康发展的障碍。大量研究表明：隧道出口的微压波强度与压缩波的压力梯度成正比,可以通过分析压缩波的压力梯度变化来评价降低微压波的效果。采用模型试验方法,对缓冲设施、减压竖井降低压缩波峰值和压力梯度峰值的效果进行了测试分析。实验结果表明：减压竖井降低首波压力峰值、压力梯度峰值效果明显;洞口缓冲设施降低首波压力峰值的效果不明显,降低压力梯度峰值效果明显,并且降低压力梯度的效果与速度相关。     

封闭式行星轮系功率流判别的键合图法

为更简单清晰地对封闭式行星轮系的功率流情况进行判别,利用键合图能量守恒和功率流动的特点,将键合图理论应用于该类轮系的功率流分析中.以功率汇流型、回流型2种形式的封闭式行星轮系为例,根据轮系的传动关系,利用绝对速度法建立轮系的键合图模型,根据提出的功率流向判别依据对轮系进行功率流向判别,得到整个轮系及其转换机构的功率流情况,为轮系的效率计算提供了基础.该方法适用于其它复杂轮系的功率流判别中,比传统方法更具直观性、系统性.