气固两相喷嘴平面叶栅能量损失的试验研究

通过对气固两相压气机平面叶栅后,沿栅距和叶高分布的气流压力和速度的测量与分析,研究了气固两相流流经压气机平面叶栅时的速度系数和能量损失系数随粒子浓度和攻角改变而变化的规律。试验是在攻角i=-10°、0°气流速度c=10m/s及粒子质量浓度α=0％、2.0％和2.7％的工况下进行的。结果表明:气固两相流流经压气机平面叶栅时能量损失比单相纯气流的大;而且随着粒子浓度和攻角增大,两者的差别也愈大。     

重力辅助环路热管稳态运行特性的实验研究

 随着环路热管应用领域不断扩展,其可能在各种姿态下运行,包括重力辅助姿态。对环路热管在重力辅助姿态下的稳态运行规律和特性进行了实验研究,并同平放及反重力条件下的运行特性进行了比较。通过实验可得出,在重力辅助姿态下,环路热管存在两种驱动模式,即重力单独驱动模式和毛细力与重力共同驱动模式。当热载荷较小时,环路热管工作在重力单独驱动模式,蒸汽管线内为气液两相工质,回流液体对储液器的冷却作用加强,运行温度明显低于平放及反重力条件下之值,热导显著增大;当热载荷大于某一临界值,环路热管工作在毛细力与重力共同驱动模式,蒸汽管线内为单相蒸汽,运行温度同平放及反重力条件下之值基本一致。最后,从环路热管系统压力平衡和储液器能量平衡的角度对上述实验现象进行了解释和分析。     

Ni-Al—Ta／Mo合金的层错能及影响因素

采用置换原子的热力学模型,计算了Ni-Al-Ta/Mo合金的层错能.分析了Ni-Al-Ta/Mo合金中各元素浓度及温度对层错能的影响.结果表明:Ni-Al-Ta/Mo合金的层错能随Al含量的增加而明显降低,其中,随Al浓度提高,合金中原子偏聚自由能(ΔGγ→εs)降低,可促进γ′有序相的形成是使合金层错能降低的主要原因.随Mo/Ta含量的提高,可引起置换原子自由能(ΔGγ→εb)降低,原子偏聚自由能(ΔGγ→εb)升高;随温度提高,Ni-Al-Ta/Mo合金中的置换原子自由能(ΔGγ→εb)增加,表明合金中发生原子置换需要外部供给能量,而引起原子偏聚自由能(ΔGγ→εs)升高,表明高温不利于溶质原子的偏聚.     

Effects of Low Energetic Neutral Atoms on Martian and Venusian Dayside Exospheric Temperature Estimations

The heating of the upper atmospheres and the formation of the ionospheres on Venus and Mars are mainly controlled by the solar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation (λ = 0.1–102.7 nm and can be characterized by the 10.7 cm solar radio flux). Previous estimations of the average Martian dayside exospheric temperature inferred from topside plasma scale heights, UV airglow and Lyman-α dayglow observations of up to ∼500 K imply a stronger dependence on solar activity than that found on Venus by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) and Magellan spacecraft. However, this dependence appears to be inconsistent with exospheric temperatures (<250 K) inferred from aerobraking maneuvers of recent spacecraft like Mars Pathfinder, Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey during different solar activity periods and at different orbital locations of the planet. In a similar way, early Lyman-α dayglow and UV airglow observations by Venera 4, Mariner 5 and 10, and Venera 9–12 at Venus also suggested much higher exospheric temperatures of up to 1000 K as compared with the average dayside exospheric temperature of about 270 K inferred from neutral gas mass spectrometry data obtained by PVO. In order to compare Venus and Mars, we estimated the dayside exobase temperature of Venus by using electron density profiles obtained from the PVO radio science experiment during the solar cycle and found the Venusian temperature to vary between 250–300 K, being in reasonable agreement with the exospheric temperatures inferred from Magellan aerobraking data and PVO mass spectrometer measurements. The same method has been applied to Mars by studying the solar cycle variation of the ionospheric peak plasma density observed by Mars Global Surveyor during both solar minimum and maximum conditions, yielding a temperature range between 190–220 K. This result clearly indicates that the average Martian dayside temperature at the exobase does not exceed a value of about 240 K during high solar activity conditions and that the response of the upper atmosphere temperature on Mars to solar activity near the ionization maximum is essentially the same as on Venus. The reason for this discrepancy between exospheric temperature determinations from topside plasma scale heights and electron distributions near the ionospheric maximum seems to lie in the fact that thermal and photochemical equilibrium applies only at altitudes below 170 km, whereas topside scale heights are derived for much higher altitudes where they are modified by transport processes and where local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions are violated. Moreover, from simulating the energy density distribution of photochemically produced moderately energetic H, C and O atoms, as well as CO molecules, we argue that exospheric temperatures inferred from Lyman-α dayglow and UV airglow observations result in too high values, because these particles, as well as energetic neutral atoms, transformed from solar wind protons into hydrogen atoms via charge exchange, may contribute to the observed planetary hot neutral gas coronae. Because the low exospheric temperatures inferred from neutral gas mass spectrometer and aerobraking data, as well as from CO⁺ ₂ UV doublet emissions near 180–260 nm obtained from the Mars Express SPICAM UV spectrograph suggest rather low heating efficiencies, some hitherto unidentified additional IR-cooling mechanism in the thermospheres of both Venus and Mars is likely to exist. An erratum to this article can be found at     

不同长度端壁翼刀对压气机叶栅二次流影响的数值研究

对可控扩散叶型(CDA)常规直叶栅和三种具有不同长度和流向位置的端壁翼刀叶栅内的三维粘性流场进行了数值模拟。结果表明,不同长度端壁翼刀都不同程度上改善了栅内的气流流动状况;较小长度的翼刀所产生的附加损失也较小;反向翼刀涡的产生与流道内横向流动的强弱息息相关。计算结果表明,占据前3/4流道长的翼刀为最佳翼刀。      

非对称循环载荷下疲劳寿命估算的能量法

 首先给出了材料静态σ－ε曲线更精确的拟合方法，然后提出一种能够对材料在非对称载荷作用下的响应进行定量分析预测的循环特性计算模型——双切线模型，最后用总应变能原理对疲劳寿命进行了估算。结果表明，计算寿命与试验数据符合得很好     

高能固体推进剂燃烧转爆轰（DDT）研究综述

以固体火箭发动机装药安全性为背景，从高能固体推进剂的燃烧转爆轰（简称ＤＤＴ）危险性、燃烧转爆轰机理和燃烧转爆轰的模拟三方面对该问题的研究工作进行了综述，重点讨论了ＤＤＴ过程中起关键作用的动态压缩现象、压缩燃烧和热点形成机理，以及ＤＤＴ建模中的本构关系和封闭问题，指出了今后进一步研究的方向。     

真空聚苯乙烯泡沫绝热材料用于制冷保温节能效果的实验研究

通过对真空聚苯乙烯泡沫和聚胺脂进行对比实验和理论分析，证明了作为制冷保温绝热材料，真空聚苯乙烯泡沫的保温绝热效果明显优于聚胺脂。     

新型含能材料及其推进剂的研究进展

根据2000年第31届ICT国际年会的报告及交流内容，结合近年来国内外的有关文献报道，对新型含能材料及其在推进剂中应用的研究，按照高能氧化剂、含能粘合剂、高能燃料等分别进行了较详细的介绍和述评。     

空间站高温固液相变蓄热容器的实验研究

相变材料(PCM)容器是空间太阳能动力装置吸热—储热器的关键部件。吸热器的蓄/放热性能及其寿命取决于PCM容器的设计与制造是否可靠。文中对PCM容器的结构设计及其制造工艺、PCM的充装工艺、PCM的熔化—凝固特性和空穴的形成、PCM熔点及相变潜热的测量以及PCM与容器材料的相容性这些关键问题进行了试验研究。