Exploration life support technology challenges for the Crew Exploration Vehicle and future human missions

As NASA implements the U.S. Space Exploration Policy, life support systems must be provided for an expanding sequence of exploration missions. NASA has implemented effective life support for Apollo, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station (ISS) and continues to develop advanced systems. This paper provides an overview of life support requirements, previously implemented systems, and new technologies being developed by the Exploration Life Support Project for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and Lunar Outpost and future Mars missions. The two contrasting practical approaches to providing space life support are (1) open loop direct supply of atmosphere, water, and food, and (2) physicochemical regeneration of air and water with direct supply of food. Open loop direct supply of air and water is cost effective for short missions, but recycling oxygen and water saves costly launch mass on longer missions. Because of the short CEV mission durations, the CEV life support system will be open loop as in Apollo and Space Shuttle. New life support technologies for CEV that address identified shortcomings of existing systems are discussed. Because both ISS and Lunar Outpost have a planned 10-year operational life, the Lunar Outpost life support system should be regenerative like that for ISS and it could utilize technologies similar to ISS. The Lunar Outpost life support system, however, should be extensively redesigned to reduce mass, power, and volume, to improve reliability and incorporate lessons learned, and to take advantage of technology advances over the last 20 years. The Lunar Outpost design could also take advantage of partial gravity and lunar resources.     

体系结构驱动的AFDX网络内容数据库研究

采用SAE AADL语言,建立AFDX网络互连综合化处理任务和通信任务的模型,对通信任务的数据内容、格式、性质进行定义;按照体系结构模型驱动的方式,建立内容管理数据库,完成AFDX网络中数据接口格式与内容的描述与建模,并进行数据库管理下的自动配置与部署。     

传感器射频综合技术探讨

分析了射频综合的频段划分和各传感器内部功能模块的横向划分;讨论了美国国防部开放式系统联合任务组(OS-JTF)提出的RF开放式系统实现方法;并对在国内开展射频综合技术研究提出了初步想法。     

机载信息系统无线网络的安全设计

民机机载信息系统作为机载网络与地面网络的机上连接终端,在带来机载信息与地面网络信息传递便利的同时,也对机载网络安全性设计提出了更苛刻的要求。通过对机载信息系统与地面网络架构研究,分析了可能由地面网络技术引入的网络安全威胁,并针对这些威胁探讨了相对应的安全防护策略和机载信息系统研制应遵循的适航取证方法。     

开放式FADEC系统的数据总线研究

研究了容错数据总线这个从集中式向开放式架构过渡的关键技术.在深入研究确定性、一致性、开放性、拓扑结构、调度策略、容错机制和传输带宽等开放式FADEC(全权限数字电子控制)数据总线关键特征的基础上,分析了总线数据传输的时间不确定性问题.从性能、可靠性和可用性的角度深入研究了TTP/C(time-triggered protocol/automotive class C),ARINC659,TTCAN(time-triggered controller area network)和FlexRay这4种时间触发架构数据总线的关键特征.研究结果表明:TTP/C总线是开放式FADEC的最佳选择,最后提出了一种基于TTP/C总线的航空发动机模块化DEEC(digital electronic engine controller)硬件架构.      

基于分区代理机制的FC通信虚拟化方案设计

随着航电系统的发展,处理平台的集成度逐步提高,多核处理器集成多个应用将是未来应用的趋势。 但在使用多核处理器的系统中,由于多个处理器核并行运行,需要解决通信资源在多个处理器核之间的共享问 题。本文提出了一种基于分区代理机制的FC 通信虚拟化方案设计,可以实现多核架构下多应用、多分区共享 FC 网络接口设备进行通信。     

民用飞机着陆系统安全性评估的故障树分析

飞机着陆系统是保障飞机安全进近着陆的关键系统,如何评估着陆系统满足安全性设计要求是系统设计的重要环节之一。阐述民用飞机安全性评估的基本流程,以微波着陆系统为例,针对给定的微波着陆系统框图,通过故障树分析方法,对完全丧失两侧微波着陆信息的失效状态进行定量评估,重点详述建树过程和建树方法。结果表明:故障树分析对系统架构的设计具有重要的指导作用,二者紧密结合、相互反馈;特别是当失效状态所对应的概率要求无法满足时,借助故障树分析产生的割集报告,能找出系统架构存在的薄弱之处和关键部位,从而采取有效的应对措施,完成对系统架构的优化设计。     

O2 evolution and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in long-term ground batch culture of Euglena gracilis

Based on the purpose of better exploring the function of green producers in the closed aquatic biological life support system, the condition of dynamic O₂ evolution and performance of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (CEF-PSI) in long-term ground batch culture of Euglena gracilis were studied, the relationship between linear electron flow (LEF) and CEF-PSI was revealed, the function of CEF-PSI was investigated. Excellent consistency in O₂ evolution pattern was observed in cultures grown in both closed and open containers, O₂ evolution was strictly suppressed in phase 1, but the rate of it increased significantly in phase 2. CEF-PSI was proposed to be active during the whole course of cultivation, even in the declining phase 3, it still operated at the extent of 47–55%. It is suggested that the relationship between LEF and CEF-PSI is not only competition but also reciprocity. CEF-PSI was proposed to contribute to the considerable growth in phase 1; it was also suggested to play an important protective role against photosystem II (PSII) photoinhibition at the greatly enhanced level (approximately 80–95%) on the 2nd day. Our results in this research suggest that E. gracilis had very particular photosynthetic characteristics, the strict O₂ evolution suppression in the initial culture phase might be a special light acclimation behavior, and CEF-PSI could be an important mechanism involved in this kind of adaptation to the changeable light environment.     

阻尼网特性数值模拟

依靠经验公式和工程估算等传统方法,无法对阻尼网性能进行精确评估.为确定阻尼网压力损失系数和降湍性能,采用计算流体力学方法,结合适当的边界条件,对阻尼网进行了模拟.使用数值模拟能够得到不同开孔率阻尼网在不同雷诺数、不同入射方向、不同目数的损失系数,与试验结果更为接近,在30°~45°大角度入射时得到的损失系数更为精确;在入射气流与阻尼网平面呈一定夹角时,阻尼网后的气流压力和速度呈现脉动趋势,传播距离大约为100d;在雷诺数小于40时流动保持层流状态,扰动传播距离为50d,此时降湍效果最好,随雷诺数增加,扰动传播距离增加至400d;在流动未失稳时,开孔率越低,降湍效果越明显,开孔率低于0.5时流动容易失稳;开孔率保持不变,随目数增加阻尼网损失系数增加明显,降湍能力提升.因此可以根据数值模拟结果选择阻尼网的最优参数.     

A Delphi-Based Framework for systems architecting of in-orbit exploration infrastructure for human exploration beyond Low Earth Orbit

The current debate in the U.S. Human Spaceflight Program focuses on the development of the next generation of man-rated heavy lift launch vehicles. While launch vehicle systems are of critical importance for future exploration, a comprehensive analysis of the entire exploration infrastructure is required to avoid costly pitfalls at early stages of the design process. This paper addresses this need by presenting a Delphi-Based Systems Architecting Framework for integrated architectural analysis of future in-orbit infrastructure for human space exploration beyond Low Earth Orbit. The paper is structured in two parts.