Feasibility of performing space surveillance tasks with a proposed space-based optical architecture

Under ESA contract an industrial consortium including Aboa Space Research Oy (ASRO), the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB), and the Dutch National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR), proposed the observation concept, developed a suitable sensor architecture, and assessed the performance of a space-based optical (SBO) telescope in 2005. The goal of the SBO study was to analyse how the existing knowledge gap in the space debris population in the millimetre and centimetre regime may be closed by means of a passive optical instrument. The SBO instrument was requested to provide statistical information on the space debris population in terms of number of objects and size distribution. The SBO instrument was considered to be a cost-efficient with 20 cm aperture and 6° field-of-view and having flexible integration requirements. It should be possible to integrate the SBO instrument easily as a secondary payload on satellites launched into low-Earth orbits (LEO), or into geostationary orbit (GEO). Thus the selected mission concept only allowed for fix-mounted telescopes, and the pointing direction could be requested freely. Since 2007 ESA focuses space surveillance and tracking activities in the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) preparatory program. Ground-based radars and optical telescopes are studied for the build-up and maintenance of a catalogue of objects. In this paper we analyse how the proposed SBO architecture could contribute to the space surveillance tasks survey and tracking. We assume that the SBO instrumentation is placed into a circular sun-synchronous orbit at 800 km altitude. We discuss the observation conditions of objects at higher altitude, and select an orbit close to the terminator plane. A pointing of the sensor orthogonal to the orbital plane with optimal elevation slightly in positive direction (0° and +5°) is found optimal for accessing the entire GEO regime within one day, implying a very good coverage of controlled objects in GEO, too. Simulations using ESA’s Program for Radar and Optical Observation Forecasting (PROOF) in the version 2005 and a GEO reference population extracted from DISCOS revealed that the proposed pointing scenario provides low phase angles together with low angular velocities of the objects crossing the field-of-view. Radiometric simulations show that the optimal exposure time is 1–2 s, and that spherical objects in GEO with a diameter of below 1 m can be detected. The GEO population can be covered under proper illumination nearly completely, but seasonal drops of the coverage are possible. Subsequent observations of objects are on average at least every 1.5 days, not exceeding 3 days at maximum. A single observation arc spans 3° to 5° on average. Using a simulation environment that connects PROOF to AIUB’s program system CelMech we verify the consistency of the initial orbit determination for five selected test objects on subsequent days as a function of realistic astrometric noise levels. The initial orbit determination is possible. We define requirements for a correlator process essential for catalogue build-up and maintenance. Each single observation should provide an astrometric accuracy of at least 1”–1.5” so that the initially determined orbits are consistent within a few hundred kilometres for the semi-major axis, 0.01 for the eccentricity, and 0.1° for the inclination.     

经济型月球探测器精确定点软着陆制导算法

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首先建立了火箭弹垂直发射的弹道模型,然后研究了升阻比、弹道倾角等参数的变化对火箭弹射程的影响,并分别对这两种情况进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,滑翔飞行时,在一定程度上增大了升阻比,有助于增大火箭弹的射程;另外在转弯结束时,弹道倾角的变化对火箭弹射程也有一定影响。     

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为了满足直升机全天候飞行和特殊环境中飞行的要求,有必要对直升机的旋翼桨叶、发动机进气道、风挡玻璃等部位采取防/除冰防护。常用的电热等防/除冰方法存在各种弊端,如消耗大量电能、冰防护装置复杂、脱冰产生危害等,而超疏水表面材料以零耗能、零设备、零操作的特点在防/除冰方面具有巨大的应用潜力。本文在总结现有防/除冰方法及其特点的基础上,介绍了超疏水表面材料的最新研究进展,探讨了其在直升机防/除冰技术上应用的可能性,为解决直升机的防/除冰问题提供了一个新思路。     

基于旋转变压器数字转换器模块的角度信号测量仪

在介绍旋转变压器数字转换器结构、特性和工作原理的基础上,详细分析了用XSZ旋转变压器数字转换器模块设计角度信号测量仪的设计思路和电路实现方法。     

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针对亚燃冲压发动机燃烧室内部流动特点,结合二元稳定器试验台高速气流场燃油雾化特性试验,建立试验件三维模型并对其喷雾两相流动进行数值模拟。主要研究了来流马赫数以及喷嘴条件变化时燃油雾化液滴与油气比的分布。分析认为,来流马赫数的增加使得雾化特征角缩小,可同时改善燃油蒸发并获得更加均匀的油气比分布。随着供油压力的提高,离心式与直流式喷嘴雾化特征角均增大,但供油压力不是影响直流喷嘴雾化锥角的主要因素。计算结果与试验结果对比定性符合良好,定量误差范围可以接受,验证了计算模型与计算方法的正确性,所得到的结果可应用于工程设计。     

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分析了模压模具结构形状上的特点和其空间角度及尺寸加工上的难点,由于该模具结构形状复杂,加工精度要求高,其空间角度和尺寸在普通设备加工保证较为困难。重点阐明了利用现有的普通加工设备,采取相应的工艺方案来保证模具工件的空间角度及尺寸的加工方法。     

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对于工作在低频段的地空反辐射导引头,传统的稳定平台式导引头无法满足小口径要求,为此采用捷联干涉仪体制。但是采用该体制后,天线是固定安装在弹体上的,无法直接提取比例导引指令,必须寻求新的解决方案。针对该问题,提出采用捷联式角跟踪与解耦方法来消除导引头的弹体姿态扰动耦合,实现视线稳定跟踪。首先,给出了捷联式角跟踪与解耦技术的工作原理与实现方法,在此基础上,对系统进行了仿真建模与性能分析。结果表明,测量误差和噪声较小时,该方法能获得较好的解耦与跟踪性能,所得结果为捷联式导引头角跟踪系统的工程实现提供了理论基础,也为未来导引头的小型化需求提供了一种新的解决方案。     

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将模糊控制和PID控制相结合,提出了一种智能复合控制策略,并将其应用于某型导弹系统角伺服系统的控制。利用模糊控制在线自适应调整PID控制器的参数,从而使系统的静态和动态性能指标较为理想。在Simulink中的仿真结果表明,这种模糊PID控制器的控制效果优于单纯的PID控制,超调量小,抗干扰性能强,对变参数系统的鲁棒性强,满足在线实时自适应控制的要求。