用GAO-YONG湍流模型计算激波/边界层干扰

采用GAO-YONG可压缩湍流方程组,模拟了平板激波/湍流边界层干扰现象.运用SIMPLE算法求解方程组,并分别采用三阶精度的QUICK格式和中心格式离散对流项和扩散项.计算结果较好预测了入射斜激波在平直壁面引起湍流附面层分离的流动特征: 分离点的反射激波、分离包引起的膨胀扇以及再附点的反射激波.对流场的时均参数与实验值进行了比较,计算得到的壁面压力分布、摩阻系数分布和速度型与实验值比较吻合很好.结果表明GAO-YONG可压缩湍流方程组能够高精度模拟平板激波/湍流边界层干扰流动.      

不同飞行状态下固体火箭发动机尾喷焰数值研究

为了研究飞行状态对固体火箭发动机尾喷焰的影响,建立了含化学反应项和组分输运项的N-S(Navier-Stokes)控制方程,并采用MUSCL(monotonic upstream-centered scheme for conversation laws) Roe格式的有限体积法进行求解.在此基础上,结合热力计算结果对某固体火箭发动机在不同飞行状态下的化学反应流和单一组分流进行仿真计算.结果表明:初始倾角和第一马赫波节长度随飞行高度的增加而增大,随来流马赫数的升高而减小.同单一组分流相比,化学反应流对第一马赫波节的影响较初始倾角显著.射流轴线温度因飞行状态的不同有较大涨落差异.初始倾角、第一马赫波节由来流总压决定,射流轴线温度由激波结构、复燃效应、来流条件等因素共同决定.      

Evolution of wall flow structure and measurement of shear stress issuing from supersonic jet with extended shelf

This paper reports an experimental study on the supersonic jet surface flow structure visualization and shear stress field measurement issuing from a rectangular nozzle with extended shelf. The evolution of the near-field surface flow structures with an increased Nozzle Pressure Ratio (NPR) is successfully captured by the surface oil flow, infrared detection technology, and the Shear-Sensitive Liquid Crystal Coating (SSLCC) technique. Results reveal that under smaller NPR, the wall flow structure is similar to that of a jet without the extended shelf i.e., clean jets, and this is caused by insufficient effect on the boundary layer. However, at higher amplitudes of NPR, there exists a significant effect of the boundary layer, as a near triangular separation forms on the trailing edge of the Mach stem due to the adverse pressure gradient, which is visualized for the very first time in this paper. Furthermore, the vector field of shear stress is measured quantitatively by SSLCC technique. Results shows that the magnitude of shear stress heightened with NPR increasing, and the directions of shear stress changes across the shock wave and expansion fans. In addition, surface streamlines measured by SSLCC is significantly consistent with the streamlines visualized using the oil flow technique.     

JF-12激波风洞在火星进入环境下的运行特性

火星探测是目前国际深空探测的热点,而火星着陆是火星探测的关键技术之一,火星着陆器发展中面临的一个严峻的挑战是其气动环境远远不同于地球大气的空气。然而,现阶段大多数地面试验设备都是以空气为试验气体来设计的,而不是火星大气的CO₂。本文利用高温热化学反应流动数值计算技术,对JF-12反向爆轰驱动激波风洞在火星进入环境下（主要气体成分是CO₂）的运行特性进行了计算模拟,通过调整激波管中驱动/被驱动气体的初始参数和高/低压段的截面积比,来模拟其中的波系产生、传播过程以及反射激波与接触面的相互作用机制。研究发现,相同情况下驱动CO₂的缝合激波马赫数要明显高于空气,通过减小驱动气体的声速和低压段的直径,可以在驱动CO₂时获得驻室压力稳定的试验气体。     

热冲击作用下钨钒合金的表面开裂及熔化行为

本文研究了机械合金化+热压（HP）烧结制备的钨钒（W-V）合金在热冲击作用下的表面损伤行为。以合金中钒的质量分数作为变量,探究钒质量分数的变化（1%~10%）对钨钒合金抗热冲击性能的影响。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪、纳米压痕仪等多种测试方式,分析表征了HP烧结钨钒合金的组织结构特征及其经过热冲击测试后的表面开裂及熔化行为特征。结果表明:在1 800℃、20 MPa的压力条件下保温2 h可以制备出致密度高、合金化程度高的钨钒合金,且随着钒质量分数的增加,合金样品的致密度有所提高;合金样品中钨基体硬度大于富钒相,在高能电子束模拟的国际热核聚变实验堆（ITER）边界局域模（ELMs）热冲击作用下,钨基体对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用明显强于富钒相;随着钒质量分数的升高,合金的开裂阈值和熔化阈值均降低,本文对相关机理进行了讨论。      

高能固体发动机火箭橇试验及数值模拟

为了对高能固体火箭发动机进行冲击安全性评价,进行了?480 mm×640 mm高能发动机的火箭橇冲击试验,试验结果表明,高能发动机在冲击作用下存在无反应、燃烧和爆炸3个反应级别,且明显受到推进剂损伤程度的影响,测试获得了各反应级别对应的冲击速度区间,并分析了推进剂损伤对反应剧烈程度的影响规律。建立了高能发动机冲击起爆的数值仿真模型,该模型基于计算单元压力大小作为是否起爆的判据,可用于分析冲击起爆的初始位置,计算结果与试验基本吻合,验证了仿真模型的正确性。该项研究可为高能发动机冲击安全性研究与评价提供参考。     

一种用于RM不稳定性研究的竖直环形激波管的设计与验证

设计并加工了一套竖直环形同轴无膜激波管,可用于环形汇聚激波诱导下的Richtmyer-Meshkov 不稳定性实验研究。与前人工作相比,本文在流体界面的形成以及流场的观测方法上做了较大的改进。通过实验和数值方法,对该竖直激波管产生的环形柱状汇聚激波的参数进行测量和分析,验证了同轴激波管形成柱状汇聚激波方法的可行性和可靠性。在界面形成方面,采用细丝约束肥皂膜技术形成正八边形气体界面,并利用数值方法考察了细丝对界面发展的影响。结果表明在界面发展的前期,细丝的影响几乎可以忽略。利用连续激光片光结合高速摄影相机对流场进行观测,获得了正八边形air/SF6气体界面在环形汇聚激波及其反射激波冲击下的演化过程,并与数值结果进行了对比,获得了较好的一致性,进一步验证了汇聚激波的对称性以及细丝约束肥皂膜技术用于形成多边形气体界面的可靠性。     

Effects of mineral nutrition conditions on heat tolerance of chufa (Сyperus esculentus L.) plant communities to super optimal air temperatures in the BTLSS

The use of mineralized human wastes as a basis for nutrient solutions will increase the degree of material closure of bio-technical human life support systems. As stress tolerance of plants is determined, among other factors, by the conditions under which they have been grown before exposure to a stressor, the purpose of the study is to investigate the level of tolerance of chufa (Cyperus esculentus L.) plant communities grown in solutions based on mineralized human wastes to a damaging air temperature, 45 °C. Experiments were performed with 30-day-old chufa plant communities grown hydroponically, on expanded clay aggregate, under artificial light, at 690 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PAR and at a temperature of 25 °C. Plants were grown in Knop’s solution and solutions based on human wastes mineralized according to Yu.A. Kudenko’s method, which contained nitrogen either as ammonium and urea or as nitrates. The heat shock treatment lasted 20 h at 690 and 1150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PAR. Chufa heat tolerance was evaluated based on parameters of CO₂ gas exchange, the state of its photosynthetic apparatus (PSA), and intensity of peroxidation of leaf lipids. Chufa plants grown in the solutions based on mineralized human wastes that contained ammonium and urea had lower heat tolerance than plants grown in standard mineral solutions. Heat tolerance of the plants grown in the solutions based on mineralized human wastes that mainly contained nitrate nitrogen was insignificantly different from the heat tolerance of the plants grown in standard mineral solutions. A PAR intensity increase from 690 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ to 1150 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ enhanced heat tolerance of chufa plant communities, irrespective of the conditions of mineral nutrition under which they had been grown.     

轴流压气机掠形前缘激波动力学效应的模型分析

借助三维激波曲面的一种分析模型,对于高负荷轴流压气机掠形转子叶片所能造就的前缘空间激波曲面,进行了构造特点和近波前波后流动参数分布的计算。着重讨论了前缘曲线的相对前掠和后掠对前缘激波后流动的影响,对于掠形叶片到底产生什么功效这个问题的一个方面,给出了一种模型化的细致分析。其中定量显示了存在着展向与周向掺混的激波掺混源这个设想的合理性。     

关于NND格式的两点注记

对差分格式在激波上计算准确性的标准提出了新的看法,并证明ＮＮＤ格式完全符合这个标准。