常用分布分位数的关系及应用

在可靠性统计分析中一些有着重要应用价值的结果含有自由度为1的常用分布的分位数。为便于应用,文章探讨了分布t (1)、χ2(1)、F(1,1)和N(0,1)分位数的关系及计算方法;给出了分布N (0,1)分位数的一个新的简单有效的计算公式,给自由度为1的常用分布统计分析计算提供了一个不用借助于查表而可以进行初步分析的简便方法。     

稳态加速度模拟试验设备：离心机设计（3）

文章分3篇10章详细介绍了稳态加速度模拟试验设备--离心机的设计.上篇对稳态加速度环境及其效应、相关试验方法和国家标准作了阐述;中篇(上)系统介绍了国内外离心机发展的历史,提供了较为全面具体的离心机结构概况,并对它们逐一进行小结与点评;中篇(下)对离心机进行基本理论分析,研究总体设计和部件设计问题,提出离心机设计原则及其计算方法;下篇通过一个国家"七五"科技攻关项目的实践作为实例,提供读者作设计参考.在文章中,作者对多年来积累的技术资料和实践心得进行了系统的整理和归纳,梳理出一条在离心机研制中科学的设计思路和实用的工作程序.该文章对相关领域的研究人员和技术人员会有启发和帮助,同时对其他同类设备的设计也有触类旁通的作用.文章主要探讨的对象是中型,大型、特大型航空航天物体离心机,土工离心机和载人离心机.     

脉冲等离子体推力器等效电路模型分析

脉冲等离子体推力器(PPT)的放电电流与推力器性能有密切关系。为了分析影响脉冲等离子体推力器放电电流的因素,建立了推力器放电过程中的等效电路模型,分析了等效电路中电感及电阻的分量,并对简化的等效电路模型进行解耦,得到了放电电流的3种状态。通过实验以及方程解耦,得到了实际电路中的等效电感及等效电阻值,研究了等效电感及电阻中影响推力器性能的因素。结果表明,推力器的间距和放电能量改变了等离子体的电感及电阻值,从而改变了放电电流曲线,影响了推力器的电磁加速性能。设计PPT时,应尽量减小电极的寄生电感和电阻,采用内感和内阻较小的放电电容,获得较高的PPT效率。     

Formation of relativistic jets by collapsing stars to black holes

Formation of relativistic jets in the magnetosphere of collapsing stars is considered. These jets will be formed in the polar caps of magnetosphere of collapsing star, where the stellar magnetic field increases during the collapse and the charged particles are accelerated. The jets will generate non-thermal radiation. The analysis of dynamics and emission of particles in the stellar magnetosphere under collapse shows that collapsing stars can be powerful sources of relativistic jets.     

Challenges to cosmic ray modeling: From beyond the solar wind termination shock

Voyager 1 crossed the solar wind termination shock on December 16, 2004 at a distance of 94 AU from the Sun, to become the first spacecraft to explore the termination shock region and to enter the heliosheath, the final heliospheric frontier. By the end of 2006, Voyager 1 will be at ∼101 AU, with Voyager 2 at ∼81 AU and still approaching the termination shock. Both spacecraft have been observing the modulation of galactic and anomalous cosmic rays since their launch in 1977. The recent observations close to or inside the heliosheath have provided several interesting ‘surprises’ with subsequent theoretical and modeling challenges. Examples are: what does the modulation of galactic cosmic rays amount to in this region?; how do the anomalous cosmic rays get accelerated and modulated?; why are there ‘breaks’ in the power-law slopes of the spectra of accelerated particles? Several numerical models have been applied to most of these topics over the years and comprehensive global predictions have been made the past decade, thought to be based on reasonable assumptions about the termination shock and the heliosheath. Examples of these predictions and assumptions are concisely discussed within the context of the main observed features of cosmic rays in the vicinity of the termination shock, ending with a discussion of some of the issues and challenges to cosmic ray modeling in particular.     

Working Group 2 Report: Energy Input, Heating, and Solar Wind Acceleration in Coronal Holes

Theories and observations of energy input, heating and acceleration mechanisms in the low corona were presented and discussed. The main topics of discussion were large-scale solar wind simulations, theoretical heating mechanisms, observational constraints, confronting theory with observations and observational issues. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Kappa distribution functions and the main properties of auroral particle acceleration

The problem of auroral particle acceleration is analyzed taking into account the filling of the magnetosphere by accelerated particles of ionospheric origin and the trapping of particles between the magnetic and electrostatic barriers. It is taken into account that kappa distributions describe experimentally measured distribution functions better than do maxwellians. The existence of conjugate field-aligned potential drops in the north and south hemispheres is suggested. Field-aligned potential drops are formed if the value of field-aligned current is higher than the threshold determined by the free gazodynamic flow of electrons along field lines. Results of experimental observations showing the possibility of field-aligned potential drop concentration in double layers are summarized. The theory of kinetic double layers is developed taking into account the nonmaxwellian forms of distribution functions. It is shown that the kinetic treatment and the existence of nonmaxwellian distributions lead to real changes in the criteria required for double-layer formation.     

反舰导弹控制中的稳定性研究

应用零动态和精确线性化理论，对反舰导弹的几种控制方法进行了研究。研究表明，姿态控制系统和传统的加速度控制系统都是最小相位系统，但纯加速度控制系统却是一种非最小相位系统。最后，对过载控制系统也进行了稳定性研究，表明它是最小相位系统，从而解决了纯加速度控制的非最小相位问题。     

Solar neutron events as a tool to study particle acceleration at the Sun

The Sun provides unique opportunities to study particle acceleration mechanisms using data from detectors placed on the Earth’s surface and on board spacecrafts. Particles may gain high energies by several physical mechanisms. Differentiating between these possibilities is a fundamental problem of cosmic ray physics. Energetic neutrons provide us with information that keeps the signatures of the acceleration site. A summary of some representative solar neutron events observed on the Earth’s surface, including associated X and γ-ray observations from spacecrafts is presented. We discuss evidence of acceleration of particles by the Sun to energies up to several tens of GeV. In addition, a recent solar neutron event that occurred on September 7th 2005 and detected by several observatories at Earth is analyzed in detail.     

Solar Energetic Particle Composition, Energy Spectra, and Space Weather

Recent progress in measuring the composition and energy spectra of solar energetic particles (SEPs) accelerated by CME-driven shocks is reviewed, including a comparison of the observed charge-to-mass dependence of breaks in SEP spectra with model predictions. Also discussed is a comparison of SEP and CME kinetic energies in seventeen large SEP events, and estimates of the SEP radiation dose that astronauts would be subject to once they venture outside the protective cover of Earth’s magnetosphere.