Stability and waves of transonic laboratory and space plasmas

The properties of magnetohydrodynamic waves and instabilities of laboratory and space plasmas are determined by the overall magnetic confinement geometry and by the detailed distributions of the density, pressure, magnetic field, and background velocity of the plasma. Consequently, measurement of the spectrum of MHD waves (MHD spectroscopy) gives direct information on the internal state of the plasma, provided a theoretical model is available to solve the forward as well as the inverse spectral problems. This terminology entails a program, viz. to improve the accuracy of our knowledge of plasmas, both in the laboratory and in space. Here, helioseismology (which could be considered as one of the forms of MHD spectroscopy) may serve as a luminous example. The required study of magnetohydrodynamic waves and instabilities of both laboratory and space plasmas has been conducted for many years starting from the assumption of static equilibrium. Recently, there is a outburst of interest for plasma states where this assumption is violated. In fusion research, this interest is due to the importance of neutral beam heating and pumped divertor action for the extraction of heat and exhaust needed in future tokamak reactors. Both result in rotation of the plasma with speeds that do not permit the assumption of static equilibrium anymore. In astrophysics, observations in the full range of electromagnetic radiation has revealed the primary importance of plasma flows in such diverse situations as coronal flux tubes, stellar winds, rotating accretion disks, and jets emitted from radio galaxies. These flows have speeds which substantially influence the background stationary equilibrium state, if such a state exists at all. Consequently, it is important to study both the stationary states of magnetized plasmas with flow and the waves and instabilities they exhibit. We will present new results along these lines, extending from the discovery of gaps in the continuous spectrum and low-frequency Alfvén waves driven by rotation to the nonlinear flow patterns that occur when the background speed traverses the full range from sub-slow to super-fast. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Hypersonic starting flow at high angle of attack

Compressible starting flow at small angle of attack(Ao A) involves small amplitude waves and time-dependent lift coefficient and has been extensively studied before. In this paper we consider hypersonic starting flow of a two-dimensional flat wing or airfoil at large angle of attack involving strong shock waves. The flow field in some typical regions near the wing is solved analytically. Simple expressions of time-dependent lift evolutions at the initial and final stages are given. Numerical simulations by compuational fluid dynamics are used to verify and complement the theoretical results. It is shown that below the wing there is a straight oblique shock(OSW) wave,a curved shock wave(CSW) and an unsteady horizontal shock wave(USW), and the latter moves perpendicularlly to the wing. The length of these three parts of waves changes with time. The pressure above OSW is larger than that above USW, while across CSW there is a significant drop of the pressure, making the force nearly constant during the initial period of time. When, however, the Mach number is very large, the force coefficient tends to a time-independent constant, proportional to the square of the sine of the angle of attack.     

NONLINEAR DYNAMIC INVERSION CONTROL WITH ADAPTIVE COMPENSATION FOR FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

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基于视线制导的空间交会停靠控制方法

空间交会停靠段的控制经常采用的一种方法是基于视线位置信息的平行接近法.对纵向控制中的非线性滑动模态控制方法进行了研究和改进,考虑了视线角对纵向控制的耦合作用,增加了耦合项,并进行了存在性和稳定性分析.对于横向和纵向同时协调控制,提出一种多变量互相耦合的非线性滑动模态视线制导控制方法,并对同时协调控制进行了存在性和稳定性分析.     

Ponderomotive Forces in Cosmos

This review is devoted to ponderomotive forces and their importance for the acceleration of charged particles by electromagnetic waves in space plasmas. Ponderomotive forces constitute time-averaged nonlinear forces acting on a media in the presence of oscillating electromagnetic fields. Ponderomotive forces represent a useful analytical tool to describe plasma acceleration. Oscillating electromagnetic fields are also related with dissipative processes, such as heating of particles. Dissipative processes are, however, left outside these discussions. The focus will be entirely on the (conservative) ponderomotive forces acting in space plasmas. The review consists of seven sections. In Section 1, we explain the rational for using the auxiliary ponderomotive forces instead of the fundamental Lorentz force for the study of particle motions in oscillating fields. In Section 2, we present the Abraham, Miller, Lundin–Hultqvist and Barlow ponderomotive forces, and the Bolotovsky–Serov ponderomotive drift. The hydrodynamic, quasi-hydrodynamic, and ‘`test-particle’' approaches are used for the study of ponderomotive wave-particle interaction. The problems of self-consistency and regularization are discussed in Section 3. The model of static balance of forces (Section 4) exemplifies the interplay between thermal, gravitational and ponderomotive forces, but it also introduces a set of useful definitions, dimensionless parameters, etc. We analyze the Alfvén and ion cyclotron waves in static limit with emphasis on the specific distinction between traveling and standing waves. Particular attention has been given to the impact of traveling Alfvén waves on the steady state anabatic wind that blows over the polar regions (Section~5). We demonstrate the existence of a wave-induced cold anabatic wind. We also show that, at a critical point, the ponderomotive acceleration of the wind is a factor of 3 greater than the thermal acceleration. Section 6 demonstrates various manifestations of ponderomotive forces in the Earth's magnetosphere, for instance the ionospheric plasma acceleration and outflow. The polar wind and the auroral density cavities are considered in relation to results from the Freja and Viking satellites. The high-altitude energization and escape of ions is discussed. The ponderomotive anharmonicity of standing Alfvén waves is analyzed from ground based ULF wave measurements. The complexity of the many challenging problems related with plasma processes near the magnetospheric boundaries is discussed in the light of recent Cluster observations. At the end of Section 6, we consider the application of ponderomotive forces to the diversity of phenomena on the Sun, in the interstellar environment, on newborn stars, pulsars and active galaxies. We emphasize the role of forcing of magnetized plasmas in general and ponderomotive forcing in particular, presenting some simple conceivable scenarios for massive outflow and jets from astrophysical objects.     

Numerical investigation on cavity structure of solid-fuel scramjet combustor

The influences of miscellaneous combustor structures for solid fuel scramjet combustion on the performance are investigated, including a detailed interaction analysis between shocks/waves and combustion. Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene is chosen as the solid fuel with the non-premixed equilibrium probability density function combustion model. The results show combustion enhancement when structure of combustor is modified. The radical emphasis is to examine the sensitivity of the properties due to variations on the length-to-depth ratio of cavity, aft wall angle, and offset ratio. It is noted that there is an appropriate structure of cavity (L/D=4, θ=45°, and D_d/D_u=1.25–1.5) regarding the combustion efficiency, total pressure loss and specific impulse. The observation of function for combustor components provides instructional insight into the design considerations for a combustor of a solid-fuel scramjet.     

Energization of Plasma Species by Intermittent Kinetic Alfvén Waves

We propose a new phase-mixing sweep model of coronal heating and solar wind acceleration based on dissipative properties of kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs). The energy reservoir is provided by the intermittent ∼1 Hz MHD Alfvén waves excited at the coronal base by magnetic restructuring. These waves propagate upward along open magnetic field lines, phase-mix, and gradually develop short wavelengths across the magnetic field. Eventually, at 1.5–4 solar radii they are transformed into KAWs. We analyze several basic mechanisms for anisotropic energization of plasma species by KAWs and find them compatible with observations. In particular, UVCS (onboard SOHO) observations of intense cross-field ion energization at 1.5–4 solar radii can be naturally explained by non-adiabatic ion acceleration in the vicinity of demagnetizing KAW phases. The ion cyclotron motion is destroyed there by electric and magnetic fields of KAWs.     

基于正规形法的结冰飞机着陆阶段非线性稳定域

结冰导致飞机飞行包线缩小、对飞行安全产生严重威胁,研究结冰后飞机非线性稳定域对边界保护系统的设计和飞行安全的提高极其重要。以某型运输机为研究对象,考虑飞机非线性气动特性建立飞机纵向非线性模型并进行增稳控制补偿设计;然后通过流形和正规形理论刻画结冰飞机纵向非线性稳定边界并得到稳定边界的解析表达式,通过仿真的手段验证了正规形理论确定的稳定边界和解析表达式的有效性和准确性。最后,分析了飞机着陆过程中,结冰因子对结冰飞机稳定域的影响以及结冰飞机发生事故的机理。研究结果表明,轻度结冰使飞机非线性稳定域缩小;重度结冰导致飞机稳定性发生改变;在未察觉飞机结冰的情况下,飞行员的常规操纵会使飞行状态超出结冰飞机的非线性稳定域、导致飞行事故。研究结果可为飞机结冰后的边界保护提供一定的参考。     

基于边缘采样的简化高阶CKF在非线性快速传递对准中的应用

针对舰载机惯导系统非线性传递对准问题中误差模型不完善的问题，同时考虑了挠曲运动和动态杆臂的影响，提出了一种新的适用于大方位失准角情形下的挠曲变形和杆臂效应加速度一体化误差模型。采用高阶容积卡尔曼滤波（HCKF）算法对状态进行滤波估计，考虑到HCKF具有较大的计算量，分析了传递对准模型的状态方程与量测方程结构，设计了一种基于边缘采样的简化高阶容积卡尔曼滤波（M-RHCKF）算法，其在时间更新中使用边缘采样算法，在量测更新过程中使用简化量测更新过程，并给出了该算法的证明过程。采用"速度+姿态"组合匹配方式，对提出的误差模型进行仿真实验。结果表明，该模型可以满足对准精度和对准时间的要求，相比于未考虑动态杆臂的传递对准模型具有更高的对准精度。     

飞机表面爬行机器人轨迹跟踪控制方法研究

针对飞机蒙皮铆钉缺陷无损检测移动机器人进行了运动学和动力学建模,并且基于该移动机器人的模型,设计了双闭环轨迹线性化控制器(trajectory linearization control,TLC)。同时设计了逻辑控制算法保证机器人运动轴在达到完整约束临界点时进行状态切换。该方法解决了在飞机特殊表面环境下,对基于X-Y平台的新型爬行机器人如何完成轨迹跟踪控制的问题。实验结果表明,该控制器具有较好的动态性能,能够在满足系统实时性要求的前提下实现爬行机器人距离精确性和速度稳定性控制。