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61.
Ion-induced nucleation has been suggested to be a potentially important mechanism for atmospheric aerosol formation. Ions
are formed in the background atmosphere by galactic cosmic rays. A possible connection between galactic cosmic rays and cloudiness
has been However, the predictions of current atmospheric nucleation models are highly uncertain because the models are usually
based on the liquid drop model that estimates cluster thermodynamics based on bulk properties (e.g., liquid drop density and
surface tension). Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and water are assumed to be the most important nucleating agents in the free troposphere. Measurements of the molecular
thermodynamics for the growth and evaporation of cluster ions containing H2SO4 and H2O were performed using a temperature-controlled laminar flow reactor coupled to a linear quadrupole mass spectrometer as well
as a temperature-controlled ion trap mass spectrometer. The measurements were complemented by quantum chemical calculations
of the cluster ion structures. The analysis yielded a complete set of H2SO4 and H2O binding thermodynamics extending from molecular cluster ions to the bulk, based on experimental thermodynamics for the small
clusters. The data were incorporated into a kinetic aerosol model to yield quantitative predictions of the rate of ion-induced
nucleation for atmospheric conditions. The model predicts that the negative ion-H2SO4-H2O nucleation mechanism is an efficient source of new particles in the middle and upper troposphere. 相似文献
62.
樊建中%徐骏%桑吉梅%左涛%石力开 《宇航材料工艺》2002,32(1):30-34
采用常规粉末冶金和高能球磨粉末冶金法制备了B4Cp/Al复合材料,研究了B4C颗粒分布与界面结合特点、形成机制以及对材料性能的影响。结果表明,17%(体积分数)B4Cp/6061Al复合材料的屈服和抗拉强度分别为415MPa和470MPa,比常规粉末冶金复合材料分别提高了69%和70%。微观分析表明,高能球磨粉末冶金复合材料中B4C颗粒均匀分布、颗粒与基体之间存在近百纳米厚度的界面层,界面层由呈带状且有序分布的微细铝晶粒和弥散分布的纳米颗粒组成。高能球磨过程中,铝粉末在钢球表面形成冷焊层,B4C不断被挤入而均匀化是实现颗粒均匀分布的主要机制;球磨过程中铝粉末表面氧化层破碎暴露出新鲜铝表面且与镶嵌与铝粉末中的B4C颗粒形成界面结合是获得良好界面结合复合材料的重要条件 相似文献
63.
G. M. Mason 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):231-242
3He-rich solar energetic particle (SEP) events show huge enrichments of 3He and association with kilovolt electrons and Type-III radio bursts. Observations from a new generation of high resolution
instruments launched on the Wind, ACE, Yohkoh, SOHO, TRACE, and RHESSI spacecraft have revealed many new properties of these
events: the particle energy spectra are found to be either power-law or curved in shape, with the 3He spectrum often being distinctly different from other species. Ultra-heavy nuclei up to >200 amu are found to be routinely
present at average enrichments of >200 times solar-system abundances. The high ionization states previously observed near
∼1 MeV/nucleon have been found to decrease towards normal solar coronal values in these events. The source regions have been
identified for many events, and are associated with X-ray jets and EUV flares that are associated with magnetic reconnection
sites near active regions. This paper reviews the current experimental picture and theoretical models, with emphasis on the
new insights found in the last few years. 相似文献
64.
纳米颗粒场致发射推力器(NFET)是一种用于微小卫星的固体工质静电推力器,为促进NFET的工程研制,提出一种新的自中和技术——反向充电中和策略。为研究这种自中和技术的设计方法,建立相应的数值模型以模拟该中和技术下羽流输运过程,并且,在真空舱中开展NFET的羽流测量试验来验证中和模型的正确性。以比色温度计和"打靶法"装置来分别测量羽流温度分布和推力,通过试验与仿真结果的对比,羽流温度变化的试验结果与仿真结果在定性规律上一致,推力的计算误差在9%~10%。在验证模型正确性的基础上,利用该数值模型对关键设计参数进行数值分析。结果表明:引出极与发射极的内径比变化会导致外加电场对剩余电荷颗粒作负功,引起推力下降,该物理参数在0.94附近时,推力达到极大值;而随着颗粒直径的增加,羽流中和区域整体向下游推移,推力升高。本文结论可为NFET的反向充电中和策略提供设计参考。 相似文献
65.
66.
In order to examine the potential of using the coupled smooth particles hydrodynamic(SPH) and finite element(FE) method to predict the dynamic responses of aircraft structures in bird strike events, bird-strike tests on the sidewall structure of an aircraft nose are carried out and numerically simulated. The bird is modeled with SPH and described by the Murnaghan equation of state, while the structure is modeled with finite elements. A coupled SPH–FE method is developed to simulate the bird-strike tests and a numerical model is established using a commercial software PAM-CRASH. The bird model shows no signs of instability and correctly modeled the break-up of the bird into particles. Finally the dynamic response such as strains in the skin is simulated and compared with test results, and the simulated deformation and fracture process of the sidewall structure is compared with images recorded by a high speed camera. Good agreement between the simulation results and test data indicates that the coupled SPH–FE method can provide a very powerful tool in predicting the dynamic responses of aircraft structures in events of bird strike. 相似文献
67.
The relative abundances of low energy ions (0.6–2.0 MeV/n) in solar energetic particle (SEP) and corotating interaction region (CIR) events have been measured by the EPAC experiment aboard Ulysses since launch in October 1990 until the present time. We give an overview of the abundances of heavy ions (He, C, Ne, Fe) relative to oxygen during energetic particle events lasting longer than 5 days during the in- and out-of-ecliptic phase of the mission. While the period Oct. 1990 to Aug. 1992 was dominated by high solar activity the Ulysses out of ecliptic passage at solar latitudes up to 45° went parallel to the declining phase of solar activity. Thus a very clear structure of corotating interaction regions was observed. While the in-ecliptic composition is in general agreement with measurements made near the Earth, the development of the CIR-composition shows two phases: From Aug. 1992 to May 1993 the C/O-ratio is 0.55–0.70, afterwards it increases to 0.8–0.9. This increase is correlated to the disappearance of the current sheet at 30° solar latitude reported by Smithet al. (1993). 相似文献
68.
69.
利用静电传感器和SC-010型环境试验箱等硬件搭建了吸入颗粒物静电监测模拟实验平台,并在此实验平台上展开了针对航空发动机吸入颗粒物静电感应特性的模拟实验研究,成功获取相应静电监测信号。实验设置颗粒材料、管道流速、颗粒粒径和颗粒投入质量4种变量作为变量条件,分别进行4组单一变量的对比实验,采集在不同颗粒材料、不同管道流速、不同颗粒粒径以及不同颗粒质量浓度环境下带电颗粒所产生的静电感应信号,对每组实验信号的活动率水平(AL)、正/负事件率(PER/NER)和绝对平均幅值等特征参数进行相应的数据分析和对比,并得到了一些有用的结论。实验发现,上述4种变量条件分别对静电感应信号的绝对时域平均幅值、AL参数、PER/NER参数有不同程度的影响。 相似文献
70.