Advances in critical technologies for hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnel

Hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels and their measurement techniques are the cornerstone of the hypersonic flight era that is a dream for human beings to fly faster, higher and further. The great progress has been achieved during the recent years and their critical technologies are still in an urgent need for further development. There are at least four kinds of hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels that are widely applied over the world and can be classified according to their operation modes. These wind tunnels are named as air-directly-heated hypersonic wind tunnel, light-gas-heated shock tunnel, free-piston-driven shock tunnel and detonation-driven shock tunnel, respectively. The critical technologies for developing the wind tunnels are introduced in this paper, and their merits and weakness are discussed based on wind tunnel performance evaluation. Measurement techniques especially developed for high-enthalpy flows are a part of the hypersonic wind tunnel technology because the flow is a chemically reacting gas motion and its diagnosis needs specially designed instruments. Three kinds of the measurement techniques considered to be of primary importance are introduced here, including the heat flux sensor, the aerodynamic balance, and optical diagnosis techniques. The techniques are developed usually for conventional wind tunnels, but further improved for hypersonic and high-enthalpy tunnels. The hypersonic ground test facilities have provided us with most of valuable experimental data on high-enthalpy flows and will play a more important role in hypersonic research area in the future. Therefore, several prospects for developing hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels are presented from our point of view.     

双脉冲固体火箭发动机隔舱打开与破片运动过程模拟

相比传统固体火箭发动机,具有能量管理特性的双脉冲固体火箭发动机结构更为复杂,为了提高其工作可靠性,针对核心部件金属隔舱的破片运动过程开展了数值仿真与试验研究。首先基于LS-DYNA软件,分析中引入监测函数、逻辑开关函数和加载驱动函数,模拟燃气流对破片的连续作用力,计算得到了在不同时刻破片的空间分布规律、撞击点位置及发动机内部损伤情况,保证了破片运动过程的高保真还原。其次,为了验证仿真结果的准确性,进行了模拟二脉冲初始工况的热流试验,发现破片撞击位置及损伤程度的仿真结果与试验数据一致性较高,其中撞击位置的预示误差小于9%,试验结果充分验证了有限元模型的准确性。由此,建立了适用于双脉冲固体火箭发动机金属隔舱破片运动过程的分析模型,实现了破片撞击位置及损伤程度的高精度预示。     

微型凸起物高超声速气动热特性研究

利用N-S数值解方法对高超声速气流中微型凸起物的气动热环境进行了计算研究,并对前斜坡峰值压力和热流跃升进行了分析,结果表明对于高雷诺数流动,由于其边界层很薄,气流对凸起物的冲击作用比低雷诺数流动大很多,给凸起物前缘和上表面带来较严重的气动热问题。研究还表明利用斜面侧扩张角可以降低凸起物后斜坡的气动热环境。最后对球锥与平板物型的差异给微型凸起物热环境特性带来的影响进行了研究,结果表明在本文计算状态下,风洞平板实验模型得到的凸起物前缘峰值压力和热流跃升比实际球锥外形要高,因此地面实验结果外推到天上实际情况还是比较保守的。     

考虑可压缩与热传导的壁面函数边界条件及其应用

考虑到可压缩和热传导效应的壁面函数边界条件,被耦合到了采用k-ω两方程湍流模型、用有限体积法求解N-S方程的程序中。壁面函数基于耦合的速度和温度型,并且在边界层内的粘性子区和对数区内一致有效。引入壁面函数边界条件后,通过算例验证在y <100的范围内,得到的物面压力、摩阻、热流与实验结果比较,结果可靠。而无壁面函数边界条件时,要得到相同精度的结果,要求y ≈1。壁面函数的引入,为工程上准确预测飞行器在湍流流动中表面受力与气动热提供了保障。     

A swept fin-induced flow field with different height mounting gaps

In order to apply the air fin successfully and ensure the maneuverability of hypersonic vehicle, a key problem to be studied urgently is the heat flux brought by the fin mounting gap. The appearance of mounting gap and fin shaft can induce many complex flow structures which need more attentions to be investigated. Under Ma 6, Nano-tracer-based Planar Laser Scattering (NPLS) and Temperature Sensitive Paints (TSP) were applied to visualize and measure transient flow structures and heat flux distribution of a swept fin-induced flow field with different height mounting gaps. Complementarily, Reynolds-averaged N-S equations were solved with k-ω SST turbulent model. The heat flux distribution results of numerical simulation and TSP observed the change of high heat flux region with different mounting gap, both in position and magnitude. The streamlines based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and flow visualization results obtained by NPLS revealed the cause of high heat flux region. The high heat flux region in this flow field is mainly related to the reattachment of vortex and flow stagnation. The increase of gap height can lead to stronger gap overflow and shaft-induced horseshoe vortex, which are source of the high heat flux around the fin. The case with the highest mounting gap (4 mm) en-counters the most severe aerodynamic heating, both on the surface of fin and plate. Thus, under the premise of ensuring the flexibility of the fin, the gap should be set as small as possible.     

高精度反射面板制造中边值问题的求解方法(英文)

采用三层铝板两层蜂窝芯的夹层结构制造高精度反射面板是一种先进、复杂的技术。其中,单层铝板的受力分析和夹层板的回弹计算是成形精度的根本保障。利用Fourier级数表示单层板应力函数、利用幂级数表示夹层板挠度函数,分别对高精度反射面板制造中单层板压贴和夹层板回弹两类边值问题进行了求解。与有限元模拟结果对比表明,本文提出的单层板压贴膜应力计算Fourier级数法具有较高精度;与试验结果对比表明,本文提出的夹层板回弹量幂级数法具有满意精度。     

共振型PDE谐振腔喷嘴匹配关系研究

在数值模拟的基础上分析了两种不同形状的喷嘴:细长孔喷嘴(或称狭缝喷嘴)和环形喷嘴对于射流碰撞和激波形成以及聚焦的影响.在此基础上又以环形喷嘴为例,分析了喷嘴尺寸对于射流碰撞和激波形成聚焦的影响,得出环形喷嘴相对于细长孔喷嘴具有更好的聚焦效果,以及有效利用激波起爆爆震波的喷嘴与谐振腔的几何匹配关系.      

端壁造型技术在亚声轴流压气机级中的应用

为探索利用端壁造型技术来提高轴流压气机性能的可能性,以亚声轴流压气机试验级为对象,对端壁造型技术在压气机中的应用进行了研究.鉴于压气机的逆压工作环境,端壁设计结合了周向(非轴对称)和流向两个方向的造型,具体介绍了造型方法.对端壁造型后压气机级的数值模拟显示:端壁造型技术可以有效减小、消除静子角区分离,进而提高级的效率和压比.      

球形离散颗粒抑制尾喷流红外辐射传输数值模拟

以气溶胶烟雾红外抑制技术为背景,以Mie散射理论为基础,利用Fluent软件计算获得气固两相流场,采用射线踪迹法(RTANM)编制红外辐射传输计算程序开展了球形固体微粒环尾喷流喷射抑制喷流红外辐射传输数值模拟研究.研究参数主要考虑颗粒本身的光学特性以及颗粒在喷流射流中的扩散规律对抑制效果的影响.研究表明,各种影响因素中粒径对红外抑制率的影响最为显著,3～5μm范围内粒径在1.0μm左右最佳.      

结冰实验段空气-水混合流动过程的数值模拟

针对结冰实验段内低温空气与高温雾化水滴的混合流动过程进行了数值模拟,采用拉格朗日方法建立了空气-游离水滴/冰粒多相混合流动与传热传质的一维分析模型,考虑了水滴粒径分布、相变及空气-水滴/冰粒传热传质等因素,求解了流道内气流温度/湿度/速度,水滴温度/速度/半径等参数沿流动方向的变化,分析了水滴粒径分布、气流温度、液态水含量、相对湿度等参数对流动与传热过程的影响,与已有数据的对比验证了模型及结论的正确性.