Improvement of machining accuracy in EDCM by enhanced electrochemical reaming based on a non-metallic backing layer

Electrochemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) is potentially applicable for the fabrication of film-cooling holes. However, It is extremely difficult for the holes to achieve higher precision and machining quality owing to the working liquid diminish in the lateral machining gap. In this study, a non-metallic backing layer was proposed to overcome the diminish of working liquid, and the electrochemical reaming, as a post-processing method for ECDM, was used to further improve the machining accuracy and quality of the holes. First, the three-dimensional morphology of the melted pit of a paraffin backing layer was scanned to obtain the geometric parameters. Then, simulation analysis and experimental verification of auxiliary flushing by using the non-metallic backing layer were performed. The machining performance of the holes machined with electrochemical reaming based on non-metallic backing layer was confirmed by the observations of the surface topography of the hole wall and orifice, measurement of the orifice precision, and analysis of the element composition on the surface of the orifice wall. Finally, an optimum combination of machining parameters for electrochemical reaming is obtained through a process parameter optimization experiment.     

悬臂斜坡喷注器流场结构与混合特性

为了探索高马赫数下激波诱燃冲压发动机前体/进气道燃料/空气混合的精细流场结构和混合增强机理,采用隐式方法,对悬臂斜坡喷注器进行了三维RANS仿真,得到了喷注器流场的精细结构。仿真结果表明,由于斜坡的作用,流场中产生了激波、膨胀波、流向旋涡等现象。气流经过斜坡时产生了斜激波,并在斜坡边缘处发生膨胀;斜坡侧壁附近在压差的作用下产生了流向旋涡,流向涡在向下游发展过程中卷吸空气,从而增强了混合,但斜坡的存在加大了流场的总压损失。     

火焰稳定器相对参数对水冲压发动机燃烧及其内流场的影响

在水冲压发动机燃烧室中设置钝体火焰稳定器,可使部分已燃高温燃烧产物在火焰稳定器后部的回流区内不断点燃新鲜的可燃混合物,从而实现稳定高效燃烧。通过改变火焰稳定器相对金属燃料入口高度及相对一次进水位置,对比分析了相对入口高度和相对一次进水位置两种不同相对参数对于燃烧室内掺混、燃烧以及火焰稳定效果的影响。结果表明:当相对高度$H>\mathrm{1}$时,燃烧火焰无法稳定在回流区。当火焰稳定器相对位置不变时,在一定范围内,随着相对高度$H$减小,火焰稳定效果增加,且存在较优的相对高度($H=\mathrm{1}$)使燃烧室内的掺混效率和火焰稳定效果较好。当保持相对高度$H=\mathrm{1}$不变的情况下,综合考虑火焰稳定效果、铝/水掺混效率以及发动机工作性能,$L=\mathrm{0.5}$是较为理想的火焰稳定器相对位置。      

航天器黏弹性约束阻尼结构频率响应分析方法

黏弹性约束阻尼是对航天器结构进行振动响应抑制的重要方法,而频率响应分析是评估抑振效果的重要分析手段。文章阐述了利用有限元分析软件MSC/NASTRAN对黏弹性约束阻尼结构进行频率响应分析的方法,分析了各种方法的特点,并结合典型航天器结构件给出具体分析算例,可为相关方法的工程应用提供借鉴。     

凹腔燃烧截面波系及温度场同步显示研究

凹腔作为超声速燃烧室的典型构型,对燃烧状态下的相关物理量进行准确诊断,有利于定量分析和研究超声速燃烧的机理。相对此前采用激光纹影等通程积分密度场显示方法,研究设计了一套锐聚焦深度小于1mm的激光聚焦纹影,用于显示凹腔截面的燃烧流场波系结构;同时利用羟基平面激光诱导荧光（OH-PLIF）和聚焦纹影同步诊断同一截面的温度场和密度场。试验结果表明,所显示截面内的波系结构清晰,得到了更多流场细节,同时也标记出了该截面内氢气燃烧状态,二者具有较好的一致性。该同步诊断结果可以更好地了解剪切层在燃烧室的运动及燃烧发展轨迹,以及不同参数的氢气喷射对剪切层和燃烧状态的影响等。获取同一截面的波系结构和燃烧状况的同步数据,对于研究燃料喷射以及凹腔燃烧等具有一定的参考价值。     

Statistical ionospheric E layer properties measured with the Cyprus Digisonde and comparisons with IRI predictions

This paper reports the diurnal, seasonal, and long term variability of the E layer critical frequency (foE) and peak height (hmE) derived from Digisonde measurements from 2009 to 2016 at the low-middle latitude European station of Nicosia, Cyprus (geographical coordinates: 35°N, 33°E, geomagnetic lat. 29.38°N, I = 51.7°). Manually scaled monthly median values of foE and hmE are compared with IRI-2012 predictions with a view to assess the predictability of IRI. Results show that in general, IRI slightly overestimates foE values both at low and high solar activity. At low solar activity, overestimations are mostly limited to 0.25?MHz (equivalent electron density, 0.775?×?10³?el/m^?3) but can go as high as 0.5?MHz (equivalent electron density, 3.1?×?10³?el/m^?3, during noon) around equinox. In some months, underestimations, though sporadic in nature, up to 0.25?MHz are noted (mostly during sunrise and sunset). At high solar activity, a similar pattern of over-/underestimation is evident. During the entire period of study, over-/under estimations are mostly limited to 0.25?MHz. In very few cases, these exceed 0.25?MHz but are limited to 0.5?MHz. Analysis of hmE reveals that: (1) hmE remains almost constant during ±2 to ±4?h around local noon, (2) hmE values are higher in winter than in spring, summer and autumn, (3) there are two maxima near sunrise and sunset with a noontime minimum in between. During the entire period of study, significant differences between observed hmE and the IRI predictions have been noted. IRI fails to predict hmE and outputs a constant value of 110?km, which is higher than most of the observed values. Over- and under estimations range from 3 to 13?km and from 0 to 3?km respectively.     

Numerical studies on supersonic spray combustion in high-temperature shear flows in a scramjet combustor

Numerical simulation is applied to detail the combustion characteristics of n-decane sprays in highly compressible vortices formed in a supersonic mixing layer. The multi-phase reacting flow is modeled, in which the shear flow is solved Eulerianly by means of direct numerical simulation, and the motions of individual sub-grid point-mass fuel droplets are tracked Lagrangianly. Spray combustion behaviors are studied under different ambient pressures. Results indicate that ignition kernels are formed at high-strain vortex braids, where the scalar dissipation rates are high. The flame kernels are then strongly strained, associated with the rotation of the shearing vortex, and propagate to envelop the local vortex. It is observed that the flammable mixtures entrained in the vortex are burned from the edge to the core of the vortex until the reactants are completely consumed. As the ambient pressure increases, the high-temperature region expands so that the behaviors of spray flames are strongly changed. An overall analysis of the combustion field indicates that the time-averaged temperature increases, and the fluctuating pressure decreases, resulting in a more stable spray combustion under higher pressures, primarily due to the acceleration of the chemical reaction.     

FTN传输条件下极化码帧间物理层安全结构设计

极化码是适用于物理层wiretap信道安全模型的一种编码方式,针对在超奈奎斯特（FTN）条件下传输的极化码,设计了一种无需获知窃听信道信噪比（SNR）的帧间链式加密的安全结构。通过混淆结构将对合法接收端可靠而对非法窃听端阻塞的码元进行扩散,利用物理层主信道和窃听信道的差异,在每一帧中生成主信道可译而窃听信道不可译的密钥序列,对下一帧进行加密,实现安全容量的帧间传输。仿真结果显示,在FTN加速场景和窃听信道SNR相对于主信道波动的前提下,提出的极化码帧间安全结构可在wiretap信道的平均信道退化程度为0 dB时实现信息的安全传输。      

用Tam-Thies湍流模型研究带小突片的喷管流场特性

 首先,采用标准k-ε模型、可实现（realizable）k-ε模型、重正化群（RNG）k-ε模型和Tam-Thies模型4种湍流模型模拟了不同工况下的两种轴对称喷管和带有4片小突片的喷管流场,并将计算结果与实验值进行对比。结果发现：Tam-Thies模型所得出的模拟结果与实验值符合最好。然后,用Tam-Thies模型模拟了小突片后倾角不同的喷管的流场,和没有小突片的喷管的计算结果对比,发现：带有小突片的喷管的尾喷流的核心区长度变短,喷管出口下游气体的混合加剧;而当小突片后倾角增大时,核心区长度先减小后增大;在每个小突片下游产生一对方向相反、强度相同的流向涡,当小突片后倾角增大时,流向涡强度呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,而喷管的引射系数增益和推力损失系数都逐渐减小。     

沟槽表面边界层湍动能分布规律

 通过对不同风速下不同尺寸V型沟槽表面及光洁平板表面边界层内湍动能的测试,对比分析了沟槽表面边界层湍动能的分布规律。试验在一小型专用风洞中开展,流场测试中使用恒温式IFA300智能型流动分析仪,测试模型则采用有机玻璃材质的矩形平板结构;而在沟槽表面理论零点及壁面摩擦速度的计算中,采用基于湍流边界层Spalding壁面律公式同时计算壁面理论零点和壁面摩擦速度的改进方法。最终研究结果表明,沟槽结构主要影响边界层流场的近壁区,沟槽的存在提高了边界层中黏性底层内湍流脉动所具有的动能,有效降低了边界层中过渡区内的湍动能,最大相对降幅超过10%,较好地验证了基于“二次涡”的沟槽表面减阻理论。