An inversion approach for lunar regolith layer thickness using optical albedo data and microwave emission simulation

An approach to inversion of the lunar regolith layer thickness by using multi-channel brightness temperature observation in passive microwave remote sensing is developed. To first make simulation of brightness temperature from the lunar layered media, the lunar regolith layer thickness (d) is proposed being constructed by available lunar DEM (digital elevation mapping) and on site measurements. The physical temperature distribution (T) over the lunar surface is also empirically assumed as a monotonic function of the latitude. Optical albedo of the lunar nearside from the telescopic observation is employed to construct the spatial distribution of the FeO+TiO₂ content (S) in the lunar regolith layer. A statistic relationship between the DEM and S of the lunar nearside is further extended to construction of S of the lunar farside. Thus, the dielectric permittivity (ε) of global lunar regolith layer can then be determined. Based on all these conditions (d,T,ε), brightness temperature of the lunar regolith layer in passive microwave remote sensing, which is planned for China's Chang-E lunar project, is numerically simulated by a parallel layering model using the strong fluctuation theory of random media.Then, taking these simulations with random noise as observations, an inversion method of the lunar regolith layer thickness is developed by using three- or two-channels brightness temperatures. When the S is low, and the four channels brightness temperatures in China's Chang-E project are well distinguishable, the regolith layer thickness and physical temperature of the underlying lunar rock media can be inverted by the three-channels approach. When the S becomes high that the brightness temperature at high frequency channels such as 19.35, 37 GHz are saturated, the regolith layer thickness is alternatively inverted only by the two-channels approach.Numerical simulation and inversion approach in this paper make an evaluation of the performance for lunar passive microwave remote sensing, and for future data calibration and validation.     

燃气流速对EPDM绝热材料炭化层结构特征的影响

基于一种可变流速的烧蚀发动机,在含铝燃气环境中对三元乙丙绝热材料炭化层的结构特征开展了烧蚀试验研究,并对绝热材料表面炭化层进行了SEM分析及能谱分析.试验结果表明,绝热层表面燃气流速不同,所生成的炭化层表面、背面及侧面形貌及孔隙都有很大区别;燃气流速增大,炭化层厚度明显变薄,表面铝、硅氧化物沉积增加,同时炭化层材质疏松程度加大,结构强度减弱.     

STUDY OF SWEPT SHOCK WAVE AND BOUNDARY LAYER INTERACTIONS

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高层建筑转换层预应力厚板混凝土温度测试裂缝控制技术

通过对预应力转换层厚板混凝土现场温度测试与计算分析,掌握转换板内的混凝土温度、温度应力变化规律,以控制大体积混凝土裂缝的产生。     

Prediction of Boundary Layer Transition Based on Modeling of Laminar Fluctuations Using RANS Approach

This article presents a linear eddy-viscosity turbulence model for predicting bypass and natural transition in boundary layers by using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The model includes three transport equations, separately, to compute laminar kinetic energy, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation rate in a flow field. It needs neither correlations of intermittency factors nor knowledge of the transition onset. Two transition tests are carried out: flat plate boundary layer under zero ...     

燃气喷射方式对冲压发动机补燃室掺混效果的影响

在空气进气参数不变情况下,分析了喷口布局、喷口形状、头部型面对冷流掺混效果的影响。结果表明,燃气喷射方式不同,掺混在补燃室中的发展过程也不同,提高补燃室内整体掺混度的方法,不一定能提高头部的掺混度;可提高头部掺混度的燃气喷射方式有5孔交汇喷射、5孔偏心喷射以及头部采用椭球型面。     

Numerical studies on supersonic spray combustion in high-temperature shear flows in a scramjet combustor

Numerical simulation is applied to detail the combustion characteristics of n-decane sprays in highly compressible vortices formed in a supersonic mixing layer. The multi-phase reacting flow is modeled, in which the shear flow is solved Eulerianly by means of direct numerical simulation, and the motions of individual sub-grid point-mass fuel droplets are tracked Lagrangianly. Spray combustion behaviors are studied under different ambient pressures. Results indicate that ignition kernels are formed at high-strain vortex braids, where the scalar dissipation rates are high. The flame kernels are then strongly strained, associated with the rotation of the shearing vortex, and propagate to envelop the local vortex. It is observed that the flammable mixtures entrained in the vortex are burned from the edge to the core of the vortex until the reactants are completely consumed. As the ambient pressure increases, the high-temperature region expands so that the behaviors of spray flames are strongly changed. An overall analysis of the combustion field indicates that the time-averaged temperature increases, and the fluctuating pressure decreases, resulting in a more stable spray combustion under higher pressures, primarily due to the acceleration of the chemical reaction.     

Statistical ionospheric E layer properties measured with the Cyprus Digisonde and comparisons with IRI predictions

This paper reports the diurnal, seasonal, and long term variability of the E layer critical frequency (foE) and peak height (hmE) derived from Digisonde measurements from 2009 to 2016 at the low-middle latitude European station of Nicosia, Cyprus (geographical coordinates: 35°N, 33°E, geomagnetic lat. 29.38°N, I = 51.7°). Manually scaled monthly median values of foE and hmE are compared with IRI-2012 predictions with a view to assess the predictability of IRI. Results show that in general, IRI slightly overestimates foE values both at low and high solar activity. At low solar activity, overestimations are mostly limited to 0.25?MHz (equivalent electron density, 0.775?×?10³?el/m^?3) but can go as high as 0.5?MHz (equivalent electron density, 3.1?×?10³?el/m^?3, during noon) around equinox. In some months, underestimations, though sporadic in nature, up to 0.25?MHz are noted (mostly during sunrise and sunset). At high solar activity, a similar pattern of over-/underestimation is evident. During the entire period of study, over-/under estimations are mostly limited to 0.25?MHz. In very few cases, these exceed 0.25?MHz but are limited to 0.5?MHz. Analysis of hmE reveals that: (1) hmE remains almost constant during ±2 to ±4?h around local noon, (2) hmE values are higher in winter than in spring, summer and autumn, (3) there are two maxima near sunrise and sunset with a noontime minimum in between. During the entire period of study, significant differences between observed hmE and the IRI predictions have been noted. IRI fails to predict hmE and outputs a constant value of 110?km, which is higher than most of the observed values. Over- and under estimations range from 3 to 13?km and from 0 to 3?km respectively.     

FTN传输条件下极化码帧间物理层安全结构设计

极化码是适用于物理层wiretap信道安全模型的一种编码方式,针对在超奈奎斯特（FTN）条件下传输的极化码,设计了一种无需获知窃听信道信噪比（SNR）的帧间链式加密的安全结构。通过混淆结构将对合法接收端可靠而对非法窃听端阻塞的码元进行扩散,利用物理层主信道和窃听信道的差异,在每一帧中生成主信道可译而窃听信道不可译的密钥序列,对下一帧进行加密,实现安全容量的帧间传输。仿真结果显示,在FTN加速场景和窃听信道SNR相对于主信道波动的前提下,提出的极化码帧间安全结构可在wiretap信道的平均信道退化程度为0 dB时实现信息的安全传输。      

动量矩方程的剪切积分解析表示式

本文采用两层涡粘性模型和速度剖面的指数律,导出了可压缩动量矩方程的剪切积分解析表示式,从而大大简化了边界层计算。和其它理论结果相比,本结果更接近于实验数据。