无剪切湍流混合层中被动标量扩散的实验研究

研究被动标量在无剪切湍流混合层中的扩散。实验在风洞中进行,用大小网格尺度比为2∶1的网格实现无剪切湍流混合层,用烟粒子作为测量用的示踪粒子同时作为被动标量形成浓度场,用PIV测量得到速度场同时用Mie散射测量得到高施密特数的浓度场,由此可以计算得到速度和浓度相关,并用实验数据直接检验大涡模拟中亚格子应力Smagorinsky模式和亚格子质量通量梯度模式。     

平面湍性混合层流、射流四阶脉动速度关联的研究

本文用恒温热线风速仪和计算机采样及数据处理技术,结合 X 型探头的热线响应方程,对平面湍性混合层流、平面湍射流自模拟区内的四阶脉动速度关联量进行了测量;将所得的测量值与根据周培源教授提出的把四阶脉动速度关联用三个二阶脉动速度关联乘积的和来表示的假定而算得的相应值进行了比较,结果表明两者的吻合程度令人满意。说明在本文所述的剪切流场中,可通过简单而又有效的方法,求出四阶脉动速度关联值;在此基础上,可对三阶脉动速度关联方程进行封闭求解,提高对平均速度、雷诺应力等量的求解精度。     

Effect of lap surface profile on lapping efficiency

Ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｎｍａｎ－ｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，ｕｌｔｒａ－ｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｍａｃｈｉｎｉｎｇｂｅｃｏｍｅｓａｎｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｍａｎｙｒｅ...     

Cowpeas and pinto beans: Performance and yields of candidate space crops in the laboratory biosphere closed ecological system

An experiment utilizing cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L.), pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Apogee ultra-dwarf wheat (Triticum sativa L.) was conducted in the soil-based closed ecological facility, Laboratory Biosphere, from February to May 2005. The lighting regime was 13 h light/11 h dark at a light intensity of 960 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, 45 mol m⁻² day⁻¹ supplied by high-pressure sodium lamps. The pinto beans and cowpeas were grown at two different planting densities. Pinto bean production was 341.5 g dry seed m⁻² (5.42 g m⁻² day⁻¹) and 579.5 dry seed m⁻² (9.20 g m⁻² day⁻¹) at planted densities of 32.5 plants m⁻² and 37.5 plants m⁻², respectively. Cowpea yielded 187.9 g dry seed m⁻² (2.21 g m⁻² day⁻¹) and 348.8 dry seed m⁻² (4.10 g m⁻² day⁻¹) at planted densities of 20.8 plants m⁻² and 27.7 plants m⁻², respectively. The crop was grown at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, with levels ranging from 300–3000 ppm daily during the majority of the crop cycle. During early stages (first 10 days) of the crop, CO₂ was allowed to rise to 7860 ppm while soil respiration dominated, and then was brought down by plant photosynthesis. CO₂ was injected 27 times during days 29–71 to replenish CO₂ used by the crop during photosynthesis. Temperature regime was 24–28 °C day/deg 20–24 °C night. Pinto bean matured and was harvested 20 days earlier than is typical for this variety, while the cowpea, which had trouble establishing, took 25 days more for harvest than typical for this variety. Productivity and atmospheric dynamic results of these studies contribute toward the design of an envisioned ground-based test bed prototype Mars base.     

一种耦合CFD修正的螺旋桨快速设计方法

基于叶素动量理论及涡流理论的螺旋桨快速设计方法，由于设计采用的叶素气动力与真实情况存在差异，设计的螺旋桨存在拉力偏差，且不能保证较高的效率。为解决此问题，采用螺旋桨数值模拟的结果对设计进行修正。假设桨叶叶素最大升阻比对应的气动力沿径向相同，可通过数值模拟结果反解该气动力，再根据所得气动力进行螺旋桨的重新设计，建立耦合CFD修正的螺旋桨快速设计方法。结果表明，对于太阳能无人机小型螺旋桨的设计，本文设计方法一方面能够较好地满足拉力要求，另一方面相比于传统设计方法螺旋桨效率可提高2.75%。在采用代理优化的方法对螺旋桨翼型进行优化后，相比于传统设计方法螺旋桨效率进一步提高了3.95%。且该方法只需进行少量的CFD计算即可，相比于直接采用数值模拟优化螺旋桨的弦长及扭转角分布，设计周期更短。     

Formation and characteristics of low latitude boundary layer

Characteristics of low latitude boundary layer (LLBL) of the Earth’s magnetosphere are investigated using data of Interball/Tail probe observations. The role of different processes of LLBL formation is discussed. The high level of magnetosheath turbulence is taken into account. It is shown that the turbulent nature of magnetic field and plasma fluctuations in the magnetosheath is one of the main factors determining the structure of LLBL. The results of Interball/Tail probe observations of the event 9 March 1996 are analyzed. The thickness of LLBL is determined for the number of cases. The change of LLBL thickness under the influence of the changes of solar wind parameters is investigated. It is shown that variability of solar wind conditions can be the important factor controlling LLBL thickness. Results of observations are compared with the theory which explains the value of LLBL thickness as the result of plasma transport inside the magnetosphere. It is shown that the theory gives the qualitative explanation of the observed dependence of LLBL thickness on solar wind parameters.     

固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室掺混与燃烧流场数值模拟

用雷诺平均N-S方程和k-ε双方程湍流模型,对壅塞式固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室内的掺混与燃烧流场进行了数值模拟。考虑了进气道尺寸、进气夹角、头部距离、一次喷嘴扩张比和喷嘴数目等结构因素对补燃室掺混与燃烧性能的影响。模拟结果表明,进气道尺寸和进气夹角对掺混与补燃性能的影响与非壅塞式相同;增加一次喷嘴的数目和加大喷嘴的扩张比增加了燃气的分散性,提高了补燃效率。该研究从理论上找到了提高补燃效率的途径。     

带U型槽射流缝隙式稳定器燃烧性能的试验研究

对提出的带U型槽射流缝隙式稳定器(简称U型)进行了热态燃烧性能的试验研究,并与V型和双V型稳定器进行了对比。燃烧试验表明:在特定供油方式下,V型和U型稳定器的点火性能好,双V型最差;U型稳定器的燃烧效率最高,双V型次之,V型最差。这些结果说明了本文提出的U型稳定器能够很好地改进双V型稳定器在上游用雾化槽供油时点火困难和火焰稳定性差的不足,兼具蒸发式稳定器和双V型稳定器的优点。冷态流场测量结果表明:U型稳定器在稳焰槽内的流动具有三元结构,在稳定器下游形成较双V型稳定器更强的回流区和低速区,从而使其具有较双V型稳定器更好的点火性能和火焰稳定性。      

一种新型高效能双差动音圈电机设计与实现

针对高支撑刚度、大推力输出的需求,提出了一种双音圈差动结构、轴向支撑的新型音圈作动方法,实现了在紧凑结构空间内磁能的最大化利用,提高了音圈电机的效能。首先进行了结构设计,利用两块环状永磁建立了内外圈两个工作磁隙,每个工作磁隙采用一组差动音圈。然后进行了磁场设计,进行了有限元模型分析,以磁场均匀性和磁场强度为目标进行了结构参数的优化。最后,加工制造出样机,进行了实际的输出力特性测试、频率特性测试,测试结果表明：该差动音圈电机具有较高的推力,在运动范围内,推力平稳,效能满足设计预期     

Numerical integration of stochastic differential equations: A parallel cosmic ray modulation implementation on Africa’s fastest computer

Three-dimensional studies of the transport and modulation of cosmic ray particles in turbulent astrospheres require large-scale simulations using specialized scientific codes. Essentially, a multi-dimensional Fokker-Planck type equation (a parabolic diffusion equation) must be integrated numerically. One such approach is to convert the relevant transport equation into a set of stochastic differential equations (SDEs), with the latter much easier to handle numerically. Due to the growing demand for high performance computing resources, research into the application of effective and suitable numerical algorithms to solve such equations is needed. We present a case study of the performance of a custom-written FORTRAN SDE numerical solver on the CHPC (Centre for High Performance Computing) Lengau cluster in South Africa for a realistic test problem with different set-ups. It is shown that SDE codes can scale very well on large parallel computing platforms. Finally, we consider an extremely computationally expensive application of the SDE approach to cosmic ray modulation, studying the behaviour of galactic cosmic ray proton latitude gradients and relative amplitudes in a physics-first manner. This is done using a modulation code that employs diffusion coefficients derived from first principles, which in turn are functions of turbulence quantities in reasonable agreement with spacecraft observations and modelled using a two-component turbulence transport model (TTM). We show that this approach leads to reduced latitude gradients qualitatively in line with spacecraft observations of the same, without making ad hoc assumptions as to anisotropic perpendicular diffusion coefficients as are often made in many cosmic ray modulation studies.