深空探测器自主控制技术综述

深空探测是人类考察、勘探和定居地球外其它天体的第1步,而深空探测器的自主控制技术则是确保深空探测任务成功完成的重要关键技术之一。从"自主导航、自主制导与控制、自主任务规划、自主故障诊断与重构"4个方面对深空探测器自主控制技术的研究现状进行综述,分析了已有的深空探测器自主控制技术存在的问题,并根据深空探测技术发展和任务实施的需求,提出了深空探测器自主控制技术未来研究的发展趋势。     

中国空间引力波探测“太极计划”及“太极1号”在轨测试

我国空间引力波探测"太极计划"将打开中低频段(0.1 mHz～1 Hz)的引力波观测窗口,为人类研究宇宙起源与演化、黑洞起源与演化、引力本质、暗能量和暗物质等提供全新的方法和手段。由于空间引力波探测涉及一系列关键技术,太极计划提出了"单星""双星"和"三星"3步走的发展路线图。目前"单星"计划——"太极1号"发射成功,并圆满完成了第一阶段的在轨测试。本文将简要介绍空间引力波探测的科学价值、国内外背景和关键技术分解,重点对太极计划及其3步走发展规划进行分析,并提出后续工作的一些设想和发展建议。     

Titan’s new pole: Implications for the Huygens entry and descent trajectory and landing coordinates

The European Space Agency’s Huygens probe separated from the NASA Cassini spacecraft on 25 December 2004, after having been attached for a 7-year interplanetary journey and three orbits around Saturn. The probe reached the predefined NASA/ESA interface point on 14 January 2005 at 09:05:52.523 (UTC). It performed a successful entry and descent sequence and softly landed on Titan’s surface on the same day at 11:38:10.77 (UTC) with a speed of about 4.54 m/s. Since the publication of the official project entry and descent trajectory reconstruction effort by the Descent Trajectory Working Group in 2007 (referred to as DTWG#4) various other efforts have been performed and published. This paper presents an overview of the most relevant reconstructions and compares their methodologies and results. Furthermore, the results of a new reconstruction effort (DTWG#5) are presented, which is based on the same methodology as DTWG#4 but takes into account new estimates of Titan’s pole coordinates which were derived from radar images of different Cassini Titan flybys. It can be shown that the primary effect can be observed in the meridional direction which is represented by a stark southward shift of the trajectory by about 0.3 deg. A much smaller effect is seen in the zonal direction (i.e., less than 0.01 deg in the west to east direction). The revised probe landing coordinates are 192.335 deg W and 10.573 deg S. A comparison of these coordinates with results of recent landing site investigations using visual and radar images of the Cassini VIMS instrument shows excellent agreement of the two independently derived landing coordinates, i.e., longitude and latitude residuals of respectively 0.035 deg and 0.007 deg.     

Fast solar sail rendezvous mission to near Earth asteroids

The concept of fast solar sail rendezvous missions to near Earth asteroids is presented by considering the hyperbolic launch excess velocity as a design parameter. After introducing an initial constraint on the hyperbolic excess velocity, a time optimal control framework is derived and solved by using an indirect method. The coplanar circular orbit rendezvous scenario is investigated first to evaluate the variational trend of the transfer time with respect to different hyperbolic excess velocities and solar sail characteristic accelerations. The influence of the asteroid orbital inclination and eccentricity on the transfer time is studied in a parametric way. The optimal direction and magnitude of the hyperbolic excess velocity are identified via numerical simulations. The found results for coplanar circular scenarios are compared in terms of fuel consumption to the corresponding bi-impulsive transfer of the same flight time, but without using a solar sail. The fuel consumption tradeoff between the required hyperbolic excess velocity and the achievable flight time is discussed. The required total launch mass for a particular solar sail is derived in analytical form. A practical mission application is proposed to rendezvous with the asteroid 99942 Apophis by using a solar sail in combination with the provided hyperbolic excess velocity.     

太阳帆航天器研究及其关键技术综述

综述了国内外关于太阳帆航天器的研究成果。介绍了太阳帆航天器的构型与材料、姿态控制、轨道控制及任务分析、试验验证及动力学仿真分析等的研究进展,讨论了太阳帆航天器轻质高强度帆体、折叠储存与展开控制、结构设计、姿态控制、地面试验及在轨演示验证,以及测试与诊断等关键技术,分析了未来太阳帆航天器的发展趋势。     

地球同步轨道卫星多阶段任务可靠性建模

在分析地球同步轨道卫星首次变轨任务剖面的基础上,以模块化的思路进行卫星多阶段任务系统(phased-mission systems,PMS)建模,采用基于二元决策图(binary decision diagram,BDD)的静态多阶段任务可靠性分析方法和基于马尔可夫模型的动态多阶段任务分析方法来计算地球同步轨道卫星转移轨道段首次变轨的可靠性。经与传统非任务剖面可靠性分析方法的计算结果比对可知,基于任务剖面的可靠性建模分析方法可得到较为真实和精细的结果,有助于卫星的轻量化设计和研制效益提高。     

高马赫数临近空间无人机主要总体参数设计方法

针对高马赫数临近空间无人机(HSUAV)概念设计的需求,研究一种飞行器主要总体参数设计的改进方法,目的是提高主要总体参数设计的可信度。在现有的约束分析和任务分析方法基础上,通过融入适用性更广、预测精度更高的气动模型和推进系统模型,建立了一种迭代的设计计算流程。应用参数化建模方法建立了气动数值分析模型,应用发动机热力循环分析建立了推进系统模型。应用本文方法完成了高马赫数临近空间无人机主要总体参数设计计算,结果表明:经过若干次迭代设计计算,主要总体参数值收敛;由传统方法确定的主要总体参数与本文方法的结果有明显差别。由于本文方法中使用了可信度更高的气动和推进系统模型,根据本文方法确定的主要总体参数具有更高的可信度。     

核热推进载人火星探测方案设计

针对载人火星探测任务,结合我国现有技术基础,提出我国载人火星探测方案,重点研究载人火星探测任务推进系统的设计。首先,综合考虑载人深空探测任务的约束,采用Pork-Chop图设计了适用于不同任务场景的转移轨迹;然后,参考我国空间站技术,基于核热推进系统设计了我国载人火星探测任务的飞船;最后,对核热推进系统的发动机台数和推力进行了优化,得到了适用于不同任务场景的最优推进系统组合方案。本文所研究内容为我国未来载人火星探测任务提供了有益参考。     

多阶段任务系统可靠性建模研究

随着系统复杂性和自动化程度的提高,多阶段任务系统(PMS)的应用越来越多。与单一阶段系统相比,PMS的可靠性分析由于阶段之间的相关性而变得更加复杂。在对PMS作简要介绍基础上,文中对PMS可靠性建模的故障树方法作了系统描述,并以某个多阶段系统为例,进行了比较计算分析。     

航空发动机飞行任务剖面统计规律研究

采用某型教练机发动机的实测飞行数据,以飞行剖面转速循环中的主循环为当量疲劳损伤特征,进行了飞行任务剖面统计规律的研究,重点研究不同飞行员操作所造成的损伤差异。研究表明:由于飞行员驾驶水平的不同,相同飞行任务对发动机造成的低循环疲劳损伤呈正态分布,但不同飞行任务正态分布的统计参数是不同的,这种差异不会因为飞行员操作水平不同而显著改变。