X-37B的发展现状及空气动力技术综述

X-37B的研制和试验国内外一直高度关注。X-37B作为跨大气层飞行器,从空气动力技术角度分析其研究工作很有意义。介绍了X-37B的发展历程,分析了战略用途,并重点介绍了涉及的一些关键气动技术,如气动布局设计优化、气动舵面/RCS/O MS复合控制设计、热防护技术、气动辅助变轨技术等,对其利用三大手段开展的研究工作也作了简要介绍,最后简要总结了X-37B研制过程中的一些经验教训。     

低功率氮氢混合物电弧加热发动机模拟研究

对低功率电弧加热发动机内的传热与流动过程进行了数值模拟研究,分别采用氮氢混合物模拟氨和肼作推进剂,计算获得了不同入口总压和弧电流的多种工况条件下发动机内温度和速度分布.结果表明,随着弧电流的增加,发动机出口处的温度、速度和比冲也随之增加;随着入口总压的增加,工作气体流量增加,发动机喷管出口处轴向速度增加.对NASA 1 k W级电弧加热发动机采用氮氢模拟肼作推进剂进行了数值模拟,模拟结果与文献报道的实验结果大体相符.     

GEO卫星电推进与化学推进组合变轨方案研究

针对GEO卫星采用电推进和化学推进系统进行变轨的问题,在给定轨道控制模型的基础上,给出实现轨道半长轴、偏心率和倾角3个参数单独调整和联合控制的控制律。结合假设的运载火箭发射能力约束,给出航天器不同入轨高度对应的初始质量。以此为约束,给出化学推进和电推进不同组合的6种GTO向GEO转移方案,并对比分析各方案完成变轨所需的时间、推进剂、速度增量以及完成变轨后的质量剩余情况,研究方法可为电推进系统在航天领域的应用提供参考。     

Multiobjective genetic optimization of Earth–Moon trajectories in the restricted four-body problem

In this paper, optimal trajectories of a spacecraft traveling from Earth to Moon using impulsive maneuvers (ΔV maneuvers) are investigated. The total flight time and the summation of impulsive maneuvers ΔV are the objective functions to be minimized. The main celestial bodies influencing the motion of the spacecraft in this journey are Sun, Earth and Moon. Therefore, a three-dimensional restricted four-body problem (R4BP) model is utilized to represent the motion of the spacecraft in the gravitational field of these celestial bodies. The total ΔV of the maneuvers is minimized by eliminating the ΔV required for capturing the spacecraft by Moon. In this regard, only a mid-course impulsive maneuver is utilized for Moon ballistic capture. To achieve such trajectories, the optimization problem is parameterized with respect to the orbital elements of the ballistic capture orbits around Moon, the arrival date and a mid-course maneuver time. The equations of motion are solved backward in time with three impulsive maneuvers up to a specified low Earth parking orbit. The results show high potential and capability of this type of parameterization in finding several Pareto-optimal trajectories. Using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with crowding distance sorting (NSGA-II) for the resulting multiobjective optimization problem, several trajectories are discovered. The resulting trajectories of the presented scheme permit alternative trade-off studies by designers incorporating higher level information and mission priorities.     

短基线高准确度时间传递研究

为了实现守时系统与授时系统的高准确度时间同步,通过搬运钟法对微波时间传输系统的可测量时延部分进行准确测量,应用测量结果对微波时间传输系统进行校准,将GPS共视比对结果与微波时间传输系统的单、双向比对结果进行分析研究,并用BIPM(BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES)给出的结果进行验证,得出两种不同时间同步方法的同步误差和两种不同方法产生误差的主要原因,给出了两种不同方法在时间统一系统中的的最佳应用模式。     

月面载荷被动热控技术

由于月面温度环境变化幅度较大,月面载荷需要通过被动热控装置有效控制其与外部环境的换热量,使其本体温度维持在工作或储存温度范围内。文章分析了月面载荷与外部空间环境换热方式;论述了低当量发射率多层隔热组件设计与结构组成;讨论了月面载荷最外表面辐射屏ε和α_s特殊设计及对其表面辐射平衡温度影响;指出利用月壤恒温层及其特性,展开式外多层隔热组件可以在载荷所在月面处形成一个温度相对稳定的月面小环境,其平均温度与当地月壤恒温层温度相当。     

动载对管内汽水两相流流阻、空隙率和传热的影响

利用旋转平台对动载作用下单相水和沸腾两相流流动及传热特性进行了实验研究.通过改变旋转速度、入口温度、液体流量等参数,获得了静止和旋转2种状态下的单相水及沸腾两相流实验数据.对旋转状态下的管内两相流型进行可视化拍摄,得到了动载作用下的两相流型图.结果表明,过载方向与流动方向相反时,过载越大,管内压力和流阻越大,液相流量、空隙率和流体得热量越小.可见,动载阻碍流体向前流动,强化了管外散热,削弱了管内流体的相变换热能力.     

Numerical simulation on a film-cooled rotating model with 30° injection holes

The flow and heat transfer characteristics were numerically investigated on a film cooling model under different rotating operating conditions.The computational model was originated from the mid-span section of a typical turbine rotor with two rows of 14 staggered injection holes angled 30° both on the suction surface and pressure surface,and the flow through the coolant plenum and all the hole-pipes were resolved as a part of the computational domain by specifying the coolant mass flux in the plenum.The computations primarily focus on under-standing the rotational effect on film cooling performance in mechanism research approach.In the present study,the Reynolds number(Re) based on mainstream velocity and injection hole diameter varied from 1835.5 to 5507.4,and the averaged blowing ratio(M) ranges of 0.5 to 1.5.Results show that the coolant will move on to the high-radius locations near the suction and pressure surfaces due to the strong centrifugal effect,which leads to the decrease in adiabatic effectiveness accordingly.The discharge coefficients(Cd),on the pressure surface,are much higher than that on the suction surface under a given operating condition.In addition,the critical values of angular speed which represent the equilibrium of centrifugal force and Coriolis force near the pressure surface are also presented.      

基于STL文件和有限元法的在轨航天器关键部件热计算

针对STL(stereo lithography)文件在传递复杂几何实体模型信息方面具有精度高的特点,提出了一种基于STL文件计算复杂结构角系数和外热流的方法.根据单元和节点的拓扑关系识别六面体网格边界单元并进行辐射换热计算.详细阐述了基于STL文件和有限元法进行复杂结构的角系数和外热流的计算方法.研究了导热-辐射耦合计算的有限元方法.最后利用有限元法计算航天器关键部件在轨的三维瞬态温度场.      

探索中国飞机制造装备技术的发展道路

本系列文章从传统飞机制造技术分析入手,根据现代飞机制造技术的现状,从概念、定义、意识、方法、思路等诸方面展示了现代飞机制造技术装备的发展趋势.为国内航空制造技术装备的发展提供了一些有用的见解.