Comparison of hindlimb unloading and partial weight suspension models for spaceflight-type condition induced effects on white blood cells

Animal models are frequently used to assist in the determination of the long- and short-term effects of space flight. The space environment, including microgravity, can impact many physiological and immunological system parameters. It has been found that ground based models of microgravity produce changes in white blood cell counts, which negatively affects immunologic function. As part of the Center of Acute Radiation Research (CARR), we compared the acute effects on white blood cell parameters induced by the more traditionally used animal model of hindlimb unloading (HU) with a recently developed reduced weightbearing analog known as partial weight suspension (PWS). Female ICR mice were either hindlimb unloaded or placed in the PWS system at 16% quadrupedal weightbearing for 4 h, 1, 2, 7 or 10 days, at which point complete blood counts were obtained. Control animals (jacketed and non-jacketed) were exposed to identical conditions without reduced weightbearing. Results indicate that significant changes in total white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil counts were observed within the first 2 days of exposure to each system. These differences in blood cell counts normalized by day 7 in both systems. The results of these studies indicate that there are some statistically significant changes observed in the blood cell counts for animals exposed to both the PWS and HU simulated microgravity systems.     

Particle acceleration and gamma rays in solar flares: Recent observations and new modeling

Experiments on SMM, GAMMA, Yohkoh, GRANAT, Compton GRO, INTEGRAL, RHESSI and CORONAS-F satellites over the past three decades have provided copious data for fundamental research relating to particle acceleration, transport and energetics of flares and to the ambient abundance of the solar corona, chromosphere and photosphere. We summarize main results of solar gamma-astronomy (including some results of several joint Russian–Chinese projects) and try to appraise critically a real contribution of those results into modern understanding of solar flares, particle acceleration at the Sun and some properties of the solar atmosphere. Recent findings based on the RHESSI, INTEGRAL and CORONAS-F measurements (source locations, spectrum peculiarities, ³He abundance etc.) are especially discussed. Some unusual features of extreme solar events (e.g., 28 October 2003 and 20 January 2005) have been found in gamma-ray production and generation of relativistic particles (solar cosmic rays, or SCR). A number of different plausible assumptions are considered concerning the details of underlying physical processes during large flares: (1) existence of a steeper distribution of surrounding medium density as compared to a standard astrophysical model (HSRA) for the solar atmosphere; (2) enhanced content of the ³He isotope; (3) formation of magnetic trap with specific properties; (4) prevailing non-uniform (e.g., fan-like) velocity (angular) distributions of secondary neutrons, etc. It is emphasized that real progress in this field may be achieved only by combination of gamma-ray data in different energy ranges with multi-wave and energetic particle observations during the same event. We especially note several promising lines for the further studies: (1) resonant acceleration of the ³He ions in the corona; (2) timing of the flare evolution by gamma-ray fluxes in energy range above 90 MeV; (3) separation of gamma-ray fluxes from different sources at/near the Sun (e.g., different acceleration sources/episodes during the same flare, contribution of energetic particles accelerated by the CME-driven shocks etc.); (4) asymmetric magnetic geometry and new magnetic topology models of the near-limb flares; (5) modeling of self-consistent time scenario of the event.     

高温合金微量润滑振动钻削温度与刀具磨损

为了解决高温合金钻削温度高、刀具磨损快的问题,采用微量润滑的振动钻削加工方法,从换热机制角度对振动钻削的降温机理进行分析,并进行振动钻削和普通钻削对比实验.结果表明:微量润滑普通钻削的最高测量温度达到了110℃且温度随钻削深度、钻孔个数的增加而升高,而振动钻削的测量温度为55℃左右且随削深度、钻孔个数的增加增长缓慢;普通钻削刀具磨损量达到0.5 mm且随钻孔个数的增加磨损加剧,振动钻削刀具磨损量只有0.22 mm且磨损量增加缓慢.     

基于 Harmony 的系统建模方法在综合数据管理系统中的研究与应用

本文介绍了基于 Harmony 系统建模方法在新一代飞机综合数据管理系统的系统功能分析阶段的应用.采用了 Rhapsody 作为系统设计工具,首先在对系统需求进行分析的基础上,对系统创建用例图,然后针对每个用例,构建其活动图,并根据活动图生成相应的顺序图.在得到顺序图之后,生成系统与外部交互的端口、接口和事件,并以此创建该用例所对应块的状态图.最后通过对状态图进行执行,将执行生成的顺序图与之前的顺序图进行对比,从而对整个用例模型进行验证     

非轴对称端壁技术的应用及发展

非轴对称端壁技术作为一项先进的航空涡轮设计技术,能够有效地降低涡轮通道二次流损失．提高涡轮效率。国外对非轴对称端壁技术进行了大量的机理研究和试验验证,并将其应用于先进航空发动机的涡轮设计。本文介绍了国外非轴对称端壁技术的发展现状和特点,总结并分析了非轴对称端壁技术的发展趋势。     

燃烧供热热光伏系统实验研究

针对未来深空探测供电需求,设计了一套热光伏发电系统,采用丙烷燃烧器模拟同位素热源,并利用低禁带GaSb电池实现了系统的热电转换。研究了气体流量、过量空气系数、回热器性能、滤波器等对辐射器温度及电池输出功率、系统转换效率的影响。结果表明：电池输出功率随燃气量单调增加,而在一定燃气量下,存在一最优过量空气系数使其达到最大值;同时,回热器和滤波器对辐射器温度和电池输出特性有很大影响;本实验系统可以实现最大输出功率密度0.45W/cm 2,系统转换效率2.8%。     

末敏弹毫米波辐射计波形干扰新方法

末敏弹干扰技术的研究具有重要的军事应用价值。基于毫米波交流辐射计的工作原理和电路响应特性,提出了一种波形诱骗的毫米波有源干扰的新方法。采用毫米波干扰源发射窄频信号产生热源,经辐射计宽带接收和检波后获得宽时信号波形,视频放大器低频电路的微分作用使宽时信号波形失真为正、负脉冲形式的分裂信号,其中负脉冲部分类似末敏弹探测装甲目标的负向脉冲波形,实现模拟冷目标的干扰效果。仿真分析与实验验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

电动帆轨迹优化及其性能分析

电动帆是一种新兴的无推进剂损耗的推进方式,利用太阳风的动能冲力飞行。电动帆由数百根长而细的金属链所组成,这些金属链通过空间飞行器自旋展开,太阳能电子枪向外喷射电子,使金属链始终保持在高度的正电位,这些带电的金属链会排斥太阳风质子,利用太阳风的动能冲力推动空间飞行器驶向目标方向。针对电动帆轨迹优化问题,提出采用Gauss伪谱法进行轨迹优化,克服了间接法对协态变量初值敏感的缺点。考虑在太阳风暴等原因造成特征加速度改变的情况,基于Gauss伪谱法实现电动帆在线轨迹重新规划,提高电动帆对太阳风不确定性的适应能力。最后以太阳系外探测任务为例,对电动帆和太阳帆的性能进行对比,仿真结果表明电动帆在星际远航任务中所用时间较短。     

O2 evolution and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in long-term ground batch culture of Euglena gracilis

Based on the purpose of better exploring the function of green producers in the closed aquatic biological life support system, the condition of dynamic O₂ evolution and performance of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (CEF-PSI) in long-term ground batch culture of Euglena gracilis were studied, the relationship between linear electron flow (LEF) and CEF-PSI was revealed, the function of CEF-PSI was investigated. Excellent consistency in O₂ evolution pattern was observed in cultures grown in both closed and open containers, O₂ evolution was strictly suppressed in phase 1, but the rate of it increased significantly in phase 2. CEF-PSI was proposed to be active during the whole course of cultivation, even in the declining phase 3, it still operated at the extent of 47–55%. It is suggested that the relationship between LEF and CEF-PSI is not only competition but also reciprocity. CEF-PSI was proposed to contribute to the considerable growth in phase 1; it was also suggested to play an important protective role against photosystem II (PSII) photoinhibition at the greatly enhanced level (approximately 80–95%) on the 2nd day. Our results in this research suggest that E. gracilis had very particular photosynthetic characteristics, the strict O₂ evolution suppression in the initial culture phase might be a special light acclimation behavior, and CEF-PSI could be an important mechanism involved in this kind of adaptation to the changeable light environment.