Crop productivities and radiation use efficiencies for bioregenerative life support

NASA’s Biomass Production Chamber (BPC) at Kennedy Space Center was decommissioned in 1998, but several crop tests were conducted that have not been reported in the open literature. These include several monoculture studies with wheat, soybean, potato, lettuce, and tomato. For all of these studies, either 10 or 20 m² of plants were grown in an atmospherically closed chamber (113 m³ vol.) using a hydroponic nutrient film technique along with elevated CO₂ (1000 or 1200 μmol mol⁻¹). Canopy light (PAR) levels ranged from 17 to 85 mol m⁻² d⁻¹ depending on the species and photoperiod. Total biomass (DM) productivities reached 39.6 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for wheat, 27.2 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for potato, 19.6 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for tomato, 15.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for soybean, and 7.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for lettuce. Edible biomass (DM) productivities reached 18.4 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for potato, 11.3 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for wheat, 9.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for tomato, 7.1 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for lettuce, and 6.0 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for soybean. The corresponding radiation (light) use efficiencies for total biomass were 0.64 g mol⁻¹ PAR for potato, 0.59 g DM mol⁻¹ for wheat, 0.51 g mol⁻¹ for tomato, 0.46 g mol⁻¹ for lettuce, and 0.43 g mol⁻¹ for soybean. Radiation use efficiencies for edible biomass were 0.44 g mol⁻¹ for potato, 0.42 g mol⁻¹ for lettuce, 0.25 g mol⁻¹ for tomato, 0.17 g DM mol⁻¹ for wheat, and 0.16 g mol⁻¹ for soybean. By initially growing seedlings at a dense spacing and then transplanting them to the final production area could have saved about 12 d in each production cycle, and hence improved edible biomass productivities and radiation use efficiencies by 66% for lettuce (to 11.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.70 g mol⁻¹), 16% for tomato (to 11.4 g m⁻² d⁻¹and 0.29 g mol⁻¹), 13% for soybean (to 6.9 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.19 g mol⁻¹), and 13% for potato (to 20.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.50 g mol⁻¹). Since wheat was grown at higher densities, transplanting seedlings would not have improved yields. Tests with wheat resulted in a relatively low harvest index of 29%, which may have been caused by ethylene or other organic volatile compounds (VOCs) accumulating in the chamber. Assuming a higher harvest index of 40% could be achieved by scrubbing VOCs, productivity of wheat seed could have been improved nearly 40% to 15.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ and edible biomass radiation use efficiency to 0.30 g mol⁻¹.     

湿滑道面飞机轮胎临界滑水速度计算方法比较

以美国国家航空航天局(NASA)临界滑水速度计算公式为基础,基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日(CEL)算法建立动流场冲击原地转动轮胎分析模型,并由NASA公式及试验数据验证了模型的正确性及NASA公式在重轴载高胎压范围的适用性。进而考虑实际道面积水状态,建立滚动轮胎冲击静流场模型,探讨实际积水状态对临界滑水速度的影响。通过两类模型对比分析得出:两类模型的轮胎-水膜相互作用机理不同,相同速度和胎压下,后者在轮胎前缘形成的动水压强峰值明显高于前者,表明滚动轮胎冲击静流场模型中轮胎受到动水压强抬升作用更为显著,且相同速度条件下,滚动轮胎冲击静流场分析模型计算的竖向支撑力和临界滑水速度始终低于动流场冲击滚动轮胎的结果,表明该模型计算结果偏于安全,更适用于飞机高速滑行中轮胎-水膜相互作用分析。据此,提出了基于道面积水状态的临界滑水速度计算公式。     

Cowpeas and pinto beans: Performance and yields of candidate space crops in the laboratory biosphere closed ecological system

An experiment utilizing cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L.), pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Apogee ultra-dwarf wheat (Triticum sativa L.) was conducted in the soil-based closed ecological facility, Laboratory Biosphere, from February to May 2005. The lighting regime was 13 h light/11 h dark at a light intensity of 960 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, 45 mol m⁻² day⁻¹ supplied by high-pressure sodium lamps. The pinto beans and cowpeas were grown at two different planting densities. Pinto bean production was 341.5 g dry seed m⁻² (5.42 g m⁻² day⁻¹) and 579.5 dry seed m⁻² (9.20 g m⁻² day⁻¹) at planted densities of 32.5 plants m⁻² and 37.5 plants m⁻², respectively. Cowpea yielded 187.9 g dry seed m⁻² (2.21 g m⁻² day⁻¹) and 348.8 dry seed m⁻² (4.10 g m⁻² day⁻¹) at planted densities of 20.8 plants m⁻² and 27.7 plants m⁻², respectively. The crop was grown at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, with levels ranging from 300–3000 ppm daily during the majority of the crop cycle. During early stages (first 10 days) of the crop, CO₂ was allowed to rise to 7860 ppm while soil respiration dominated, and then was brought down by plant photosynthesis. CO₂ was injected 27 times during days 29–71 to replenish CO₂ used by the crop during photosynthesis. Temperature regime was 24–28 °C day/deg 20–24 °C night. Pinto bean matured and was harvested 20 days earlier than is typical for this variety, while the cowpea, which had trouble establishing, took 25 days more for harvest than typical for this variety. Productivity and atmospheric dynamic results of these studies contribute toward the design of an envisioned ground-based test bed prototype Mars base.     

基于MPPSO的线性分布细金属柱体成像研究

基于线性分布细金属柱体的散射模型,用多极子展开求解电磁散射问题。以测量的散射场和计算散射场偏差为目标函数,将待优化变量设置为描述细金属柱体中心位置的向径和幅角,通过多相粒子群算法（MPP-SO）优化待优化变量,通过使目标函数达到最小值实现自由空间中线性分布的细金属柱体族的电磁成像。算例表明：MPPSO有较好的收敛性能和成像精度,以及较强的抗随机噪声干扰能力。     

加强盘式转子支承设计技术

针对航空发动机高速转子支承结构设计难点,以某加强盘式结构的高压压气机试验件为研究对象,基于该试验件具有转子跨距长、质量大、轴向力大的设计特点,分析转子支承方案设计要求和转子动力特性影响因素,总结了转子支承设计技术特点和需求条件;开展支承方案的确立及筛选设计,采用通过理论和数值计算分析优选出的1-1-1型支承方案,综合优化支点跨距、转子质量、支承刚度和支点阻尼4个设计变量,满足全转速范围内的性能录取需求。结果表明:优化方案在工作转速范围内存在2阶临界转速并均处于性能录取转速以下,应变能分别为9.3%和16%。试验件最终顺利完成了全部转速下的性能参数录取,在试验过程中运行平稳,整体振动水平较低,轴向力始终处于轴承承载范围,验证了转子支承方案的合理性。     

磁场辅助激光熔覆铝基金属玻璃覆层

为提高铝合金的表面性能,采用磁场辅助激光熔覆的方法在5083铝合金表面制备了Al-Ni-Y-Co-La五元金属玻璃熔覆层,并对其进行组织成分及性能分析。实验结果表明：熔覆层主要由非晶相、α-Al相以及Al₄NiY等金属间化合物组成,旋转磁场的搅拌作用使熔覆层非晶相含量由10.2%提高到30.7%,且能够有效抑制多道搭接和多层堆积过程中重熔区晶粒的生长,细化了熔覆层晶粒组织,降低了残余应力,提高了显微硬度及韧性,使其平均显微硬度从278 HV_0.1提高至335 HV_0.1,且波动较小,平均抗拉强度为303 MPa,为基体拉伸件的110.2%,平均伸长率为6.79%,为基体的33.1%。     

直升机主减速器变形对传动性能的影响分析

综合考虑了直升机主减速器机匣、轴系及轴承的支撑变形,计算了在实际工况下弧齿锥齿轮副的当量错位量。利用ANSYS软件对机匣进行静力分析,通过最小二乘优化方法得到了加载条件下输入轴和输出轴的轴线方程;对齿轮副进行受力分析,采用一维有限元方法计算了轴系及轴承各节点处的位移;将两组变形量叠加求出了当量错位量。建立了考虑错位量的轮齿接触分析(TCA)模型,根据错位量对齿面进行再设计,获得了优化后的小轮加工参数。结果表明:在变形形成当量错位条件下,齿面受载时,优化后的齿轮副齿面印痕会靠近齿面中心,改善了齿轮副的啮合质量。     

基于支持向量机和DS证据理论的双馈风机定子匝间短路故障诊断

结合支持向量机(SVM)和DS证据理论,搭建了扩展Park变换模型以及失电残压模型,从多元信息融合的角度进行定子匝间短路故障诊断。仿真证明,该方法可以有效提高故障诊断的精确度,从而减少误诊。     

柔性转子动力学特性及支承结构安全性设计

叶片飞失极限状态下,航空发动机转子系统承受冲击载荷和大不平衡载荷,载荷通过转子结构传递到支承结构,对支承结构造成严重损伤。从安全性的角度看,需要对航空发动机轴承-支承结构在极限载荷下的承载能力进行有效的定量评估。提出一种新型缓冲阻尼支承结构,通过对支点刚度突降和高阻尼设计,实现在止推轴承支点处大幅降低横向冲击载荷的影响。建立考虑支承结构刚度突变和阻尼特性的转子系统动力学方程,并计算突加不平衡激励下,转子系统支点动载荷分布的变化规律。结果表明:通过优化设计支点刚度和阻尼参数,缓冲阻尼支承结构,能够有效降低突加不平衡激励下止推滚珠轴承的支点动载荷,提高支承结构的安全性。