On the uncertainties in the measurement of absolute (true) TEC over Indian equatorial and low latitude sectors

The Indian sector encompasses the equatorial and low latitude regions where the ionosphere is highly dynamic and is characterized by the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) resulting in large latitudinal electron density gradients causing errors and uncertainties in the estimation of range delays in satellite based navigation systems. The diurnal and seasonal variations of standard deviations in the TEC data measured during the low sunspot period 2004–2005 at 10 different Indian stations located from equator to the anomaly crest region and beyond are examined and presented. The day-to-day variability in TEC is found to be lowest at the equatorial station and increases with latitude up to the crest region of EIA and decreases beyond.     

Is there an instrumental drift in the counting rate of some high latitude neutron monitors?

For the last six decades the neutron monitors have provided a continuous string of very reliable data to the heliophysics community. Although neutron monitors are not the primary source of data for the galactic cosmic rays, these data serve as a baseline reference for the data collected by the detectors on board the satellites and deep space probes, far away from earth orbit. The pressure corrected hourly data are available from the World Data Centers. These data have been used to derive deep insights pertaining to the electromagnetic states of the heliosphere and the modes of transport of energetic charged particles in the tangled interplanetary magnetic fields. We present evidence that some of the high latitude neutron monitors are undergoing long-term drifts in their baselines. In particular, we argue that there is no physical basis to justify the observed long-term downward trend in the baseline of the South Pole neutron monitor. The real reason may have to do with its maintenance at a distant location with challenging logistics and an improper normalization of its data after the 26 months break in the 1970s.     

全球电离层发电机方程的一种数值解法

为了将建立在赤道为对称面假设基础上的二维半球域对称）电离层发电机理论扩展到全球,本文在解发电机方程时,去掉赤道对称面这一假设条件和两极附加的边界条件,使通常的边值问题变成一种“无边界’问题．它更合理地描述了电离层发电机过程,而且可以给出半球发电机理论所不能给出的特征,例如,可以对Ｓｑ电流体系的ＵＴ变化、季节变化、非偶极子地磁场部分的发电机效应等南北半球不对称的情况进行数值计算．计算实例表示,在简单的赤道对称情况下,它可以复现二维半球（对称）发电机模型的结果．在不对称情况下,电流体系的强度、焦点位置、电流方向等显示出较为复杂的变化,而半球发电机理论则无法解释这些特征．     

基于地轴矢量解算的SINS无纬度支持自对准方法

针对无纬度条件下SINS初始对准问题,提出了一种基于地轴矢量解算的对准方法。在静止基座下,利用陀螺仪敏感地轴矢量,直接建立导航系轴向矢量在载体系的正交投影,解析式确定姿态矩阵;晃动基座条件下,根据惯性系重力矢量观测,构建以地轴矢量为旋转轴的两组等角旋转矢量序列,利用QUEST算法求解旋转四元数实现对地轴矢量的优化解算,并以此建立导航系轴向矢量的载体惯性系投影,最后利用陀螺跟踪载体系相对惯性系的变化,确定载体系相对导航系的姿态关系。静止基座解算实验表明直接解析式对准与传统的解析式对准精度相当,但解算效率得到了提高;晃动基座仿真与船载实验均表明基于四元数的地轴矢量优化解算在精度上要优于三矢量几何解算方法,引入低通滤波环节后,对准精度进一步提高。     

基于FY4A-AGRI反演东北地区云顶高度

云对全球的能量收支及大气循环系统具有不可替代的调节作用,是影响天气及气候变化的重要因子。云顶高度作为云的重要参数,有助于分析云在大气中的物理机制,对局部地区监测和预报具有实质性作用。基于多通道扫描辐射成像仪(AGRI)数据反演东北地区云顶高度,采用红外分裂窗查算表方法,并对不同季节和不同云类型建立查算表,探讨基于静止卫星反演中高纬度地区云顶高度的可行性。同时,引入主动式高精度仪器正交偏振云-气溶胶偏振雷达(CALIOP),结合11、12 通道亮温数据搭建云顶高度反演模型。分析结果表明:1) AGRI遥感的云顶高度与CALIPSO搭载的CALIOP云顶高度变化趋势一致,算法计算效率较高;2) 从4个季节的统计结果来看,均方根误差(RMSE)上都小于2.3 km,平均偏差在500 m左右,受季节的影响较小,反演结果与CALIOP探测结果具有较高的一致性;3) 利用该方法基于AGRI结果精度不亚于官方采用的CO2薄片法,该方法估算的RMSE和相对误差较小,并且该算法的反演模型只提取红外分裂窗区通道数据,无需大气廓线资料进行辅助计算,节省计算资源,提高计算效率。     

A new method of single celestial-body sun positioning based on theory of mechanisms

Considering defects of current single celestial-body positioning methods such as discon-tinuity and long period, a new sun positioning algorithm is herein put forward. Instead of tradi-tional astronomical spherical trigonometry and celestial coordinate system, the proposed new positioning algorithm is built by theory of mechanisms. Based on previously derived solar vector equations (from a C1R2P2 series mechanism), a further global positioning method is developed by inverse kinematics. The longitude and latitude coordinates expressed by Greenwich mean time (GMT) and solar vector in local coordinate system are formulated. Meanwhile, elimination method of multiple solutions, errors of longitude and latitude calculation are given. In addition, this algo-rithm has been integrated successfully into a mobile phone application to visualize sun positioning process. Results of theoretical verification and smart phone’s test demonstrate the validity of pre-sented coordinate’s expressions. Precision is shown as equivalent to current works and is acceptable to civil aviation requirement. This new method solves long-period problem in sun sight running fix-ing and improves applicability of sun positioning. Its methodology can inspire development of new sun positioning device. It would be more applicable to be combined with inertial navigation systems for overcoming discontinuity of celestial navigation systems and accumulative errors of inertial nav-igation systems.     

一种改进的晃动基座上纬度自估计方法

利用重力加速度在惯性系投影呈圆锥慢漂的特性,以及漂移的角度与纬度之间的几何关系,建立相关方程,推导了纬度自估计公式.同时,为了降低加速度计噪声对纬度自估计的影响,提出了将重力加速度积分的方法,并进行了理论证明.该方法可有效平滑掉加速度计噪声的干扰,使估计结果更准确,数值仿真验证了所提方法的有效性.     

基于飞行仿真平台的相关坐标变换模型

飞行力学中相关的飞行器运动方程都是在地面坐标系中建立的,地面坐标系的前提假设"平面大地"与地球表面具有曲率不符,经纬度能真实反映飞行器的飞行情况,但不能直接运用于飞行器运动方程.针对以上情况,提出了能够运用于地面坐标与经纬度相互转换的模型.在飞行仿真平台上,由飞行器运动方程建立相关的飞行机动动作模型,再由提出的坐标变换模型将运动方程中的相关参数转换为经纬度.实验结果表明,坐标变换模型是合理的,具有实用性,能运用于相关的飞行仿真平台中.     

纬度未知条件下捷联惯导系统初始对准分析

在捷联惯导系统静基座初始对准的传统方法中,一般要求准确知道当地的地理纬度,如果给定的纬度存在误差,将可能影响初始对准精度。在静基座条件下并且地理纬度未知时,研究捷联惯导系统的初始对准实现问题,并对初始对准精度作详细分析。研究结果表明,在静基座条件下,借助于捷联惯组中的陀螺和加速度计的测量值可以估计出对准点处的地理纬度,再利用估计纬度进行初始对准,如果选择初始对准算法适当,纬度估计误差将不会影响对准精度。     

轴承钢球无损检测仪的研制

论述了轴承钢球无损检测仪的组成和工作原理、研制过程,特性特点。