隐蔽失效适航要求符合性验证分析

隐蔽失效的适航符合性验证对飞机系统安全性水平会产生重大影响。经过十余年论证,EASA在CS/AMC 25.1309中新增了隐蔽失效的要求。例如要求尽可能消除重大隐蔽失效;为了防止再发生一个失效即导致灾难性失效状态的情况,对由两个失效导致的每个灾难性失效状态,其中任一个在大于单次飞行中是隐蔽失效,要求从隐蔽限制方面限制运行时间,并且从剩余概率限制方面假定一个隐蔽失效已发生时限制所有单个显性失效组合的平均概率。针对系统安全性条款CS 25.1309(b)新增的隐蔽失效相关要求,分析条款的符合性方法,通过典型故障树分析及其最小割集的示例,说明隐蔽限制和剩余概率限制准则的应用方法。从工程角度说明了条款的应用范围,给出了隐蔽失效的概率和限制暴露时间的计算方法,提升型号系统安全性水平。     

A compositional method to model dependent failure behavior based on PoF models

In this paper, a new method is developed to model dependent failure behavior among failure mechanisms. Unlike the existing methods, the developed method models the root cause of the dependency explicitly, so that a deterministic model, rather than a probabilistic one, can be established. Three steps comprise the developed method. First, physics-of-failure(PoF) models are utilized to model each failure mechanism. Then, interactions among failure mechanisms are modeled as a combination of three basic relations, competition, superposition and coupling. This is the reason why the method is referred to as ‘‘compositional method". Finally, the PoF models and the interaction model are combined to develop a deterministic model of the dependent failure behavior. As a demonstration, the method is applied on an actual spool and the developed failure behavior model is validated by a wear test. The result demonstrates that the compositional method is an effective way to model dependent failure behavior.     

Geomagnetic effects on mid-latitude railways: A statistical study of anomalies in the operation of signaling and train control equipment on the East-Siberian Railway

Intense geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) can hamper rail traffic by disturbing signaling and train control systems. GIC threats have been a concern for technological systems at high-latitude locations due to geomagnetic disturbances driven by substorm expansion electrojet or convection electrojet intensifications. However, other geomagnetic storm processes such as storm sudden commencement (SSC) and geomagnetic pulsations can also cause GIC concerns for technological systems. We present in this paper the first evidence based on statistical data for links between geomagnetic disturbances and faulty operations (anomalies) in the functioning of railway automatics and telemetry. We analyze anomalies of automatic signaling and train control equipment which occurred in 2004 on the East-Siberian Railway (corrected geomagnetic latitude _m = 46–51°N and longitude λ_m = 168–187°E). Our results reveal a seasonal effect in the number of anomalies per train similar to the one observed in geomagnetic activity (Kp, Ap, Dst indices). We also found an increase by a factor of 3 in the total duration of daily anomalies during intense geomagnetic storms (local geomagnetic index specific to Siberian Observatory A_max > 30), with a significant correlation between the daily sum of durations of anomalies with geomagnetic activity. Special attention was paid to failures not related to recognized technical malfunctions. We found that the probability of these failures occurring in geomagnetically disturbed periods was 5–7 times higher than the average anomaly occurrence.     

某型飞机火箭控制盒故障原因分析及预防

某型飞机火箭控制盒是管理和发射火箭弹的控制设备,使用中曾出现控制盒内电容脱落和火箭弹发射不成功故障,本文对此进行原理分析,找出故障原因,并制定预防措施,以提升装备使用的可靠性。     

结构的最优预防性维修周期

提出了一种计算结构最优预防性维修周期的模型。首先将结构的初始损伤、使用过程中的损伤累积用主裂纹长度的分布加以定量描述。针对预防维修只能在离散的时间点上进行的结构,考虑结构的失效损失费和维修费用,根据使结构单位使用时间的费用（费用率）达到最小的原则,建立了选择最优预防维修周期的方法。最后对一结构作了具体计算。     

以N2O为工质的汽蚀文氏管流场仿真

为得到N₂O在汽蚀文氏管中的汽蚀流场分布,以实际气体状态方程和完全汽穴模型为基础,求解两相混合物流动的控制方程组.针对N₂O的特点,对三种不同工况下文氏管的汽蚀流场分别考虑汽化热和不考虑汽化热进行了仿真,并对两种计算结果进行了对比分析.考虑汽化热计算得到的汽蚀区比不考虑汽化热计算得到的要小,而且汽蚀区及周边温度有明显的变化,计算结果更加真实合理,说明了考虑汽化热计算的必要性和正确性,对汽蚀文氏管的设计有一定的指导作用.      

智能结构的损伤及失效研究

根据所观察到的一些损伤形式，对智能结构的损伤和失效问题进行了初步研讨。中给出了失效的定义和一些可能的损伤形式，并指出智能材料结构的损伤和失效研究重点应放在对其功能失效的研究上。用有限元法初步分析了压电驱动器部分脱粘对结构静变形控制的影响。数值结果表明，压电驱动器部分脱粘会减弱其驱动效率，从而影响对结构静变形控制的能力和精度。     

基于事件触发的航天器姿态自适应容错控制

针对航天器通信和计算资源约束以及执行器故障场景下的姿态控制问题,提出了一种基于事件触发的航天器姿态自适应容错控制策略。首先,采用自适应方法估计故障信息、外界扰动等系统中未知参数,并引入事件触发机制,在执行器故障下实现容错控制的同时,节约星载计算机的计算资源。然后,基于李雅普诺夫方法证明了所提出的控制策略保证了闭环系统状态全局一致且最终有界稳定,并能有效避免Zeno现象,保证了执行器故障场景下对姿态的精确控制。最后,应用于航天器的姿态稳定试验,仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

卫星太阳电池阵在轨故障统计及分析

文章针对2000年1月至2012年9月期间79颗在轨卫星发生的114次太阳电池阵故障事件进行了分类统计分析,并利用Kaplan-Meier估计量分析方法对这些在轨故障进行了可靠性分析。结果表明:太阳电池阵的故障多发生在卫星在轨第一年,其中电子类故障发生率较高;不同卫星平台的系统缺陷或设计共性问题也与太阳电池阵故障紧密相关。最后,结合我国卫星太阳电池阵设计及制造工艺技术,提出了加强出厂前的测试和试验验证、加强仿真建模、加强冗余设计等建议。     

潜伏性热释放型2PZ-PGMA微胶囊固化剂制备工艺的优化

以2-苯基咪唑(2PZ)为芯材,聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(PGMA)为壁材,采用溶剂挥发技术,成功地制备了一种新型潜伏性热释放型2PZ-PGMA微胶囊固化剂。系统地研究了溶剂种类及油水比、表面活性剂种类及用量、核壳投料比等参数对微胶囊形貌、粒径大小及分布、囊芯2PZ含量及产率等的影响,最终优化了微胶囊固化剂的制备工艺:当溶剂为二氯甲烷,油水比(体积比)为4∶5,表面活性剂为0.4%(质量分数)SDS,核壳投料比为1∶1时制备的微胶囊固化剂最优。