A review of recent studies on rotating internal cooling for gas turbine blades

Gas turbines have been used extensively for aircraft and marine propulsions as well as land-based power generation because of their high thermal efficiency and large power to weight ratios. To further increase the thermal efficiency, numerous prior researches on gas turbine blade internal cooling have been intensively carried out, majorly under stationary conditions. However, the stationary studies neglect the effects of Coriolis and buoyancy forces, which should change the velocity, turbulence and temperature distribution under rotating conditions. To elucidate the rotational effects on gas turbine internal cooling, the extensive results collected from recent investigations are discussed, which include the rotation and buoyancy effects on the rib turbulated cooling, pin fin cooling, jet impingement cooling, dimple/protrusion cooling, latticework cooling as well as swirl cooling. The rotational effects on the friction factors and the most employed experimental and numerical methods are also presented. Moreover, recommendations for future research are outlined. Therefore, this review article provides extensive literature information for the design of the next-generation high-efficiency internal cooling for rotating turbine blades.     

RANS simulations on combustion and emission characteristics of a premixed NH3/H2 swirling flame with reduced chemical kinetic model

Ammonia (NH₃) is considered as a potential alternative carbon free fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emission to meet the increasingly stringent emission requirements. Co-burning NH₃ and H₂ is an effective way to overcome ammonia’s relative low burning velocity. In this work, 3D Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) numerical simulations are conducted on a premixed NH₃/H₂ swirling flame with reduced chemical kinetic mechanism. The effects of (A) overall equivalence ratio Φ and (B) hydrogen blended molar fraction X_H2 on combustion and emission characteristics are examined. The present results show that when 100%NH₃-0%H₂-air are burnt, the NO emission and unburned NH₃ of at the swirling combustor outlet has the opposite varying trends. With the increase of Φ, NO emission is found to be decreased, while the unburnt ammonia emission is increased. NH₂ → HNO, NH → HNO and HNO → NO sub-paths are found to play a critical role in NO formation. Normalized reaction rate of all these three sub-paths is shown to be decreased with increased Φ. Hydrogen addition is shown to significantly increase the laminar burning velocity of the mixed fuel. However, adding H₂ does not affect the critical equivalence ratio corresponding to the maximum burning velocity. The emission trend of NO and unburnt NH₃ with increased Φ is unchanged by blending H₂. NO emission with increased X_H2 is increased slightly less at a larger Φ than that at a smaller Φ. In addition, reaction rates of NH₂ → HNO and HNO → NO sub-paths are decreased with increased X_H2, when Φ is larger. Under all tested cases, blending H₂ with NH₃ reduces the unburned NH₃ emission, especially for rich combustion conditions. In summary, the present work provides research finding on supporting applying ammonia with hydrogen blended in low-emission gas turbine engines.     

1+1/2对转涡轮非定常流动数值模拟

为了掌握对转涡轮内部的复杂流动以改进航空燃气轮机的设计,利用数值模拟手段对所设计的1+1/2对转涡轮内部非定常流动进行了研究,将定常和非定常结果进行了详细的对比分析,结果表明:非定常结果与定常结果相比出功比减小,总效率约减小0.44%,流量基本不变,其中尾迹、激波、位势作用以及泄漏流等因素之间的相互作用是影响非定常特性的主要因素.      

污染空气对氢燃料超声速燃烧室性能的影响

采用纯净空气和污染空气来流下对比试验的方法,研究了飞行马赫数4条件下H2O和CO2污染组分对氢燃料超声速燃烧室性能的影响。对比试验中针对纯净空气来流和污染空气来流匹配了来流总温、总压、氧气摩尔分数和当量油气比。完成了0.53和0.42两种当量油气比条件下纯净空气来流和污染空气来流的氢燃料超声速燃烧试验,预定考察的H2O污染组分摩尔浓度分别有7.5%,18%和26%三种,CO2污染组分浓度有3.0%和7.5%两种。研究结果表明,H2O,CO2或H2O+CO2组合污染对燃烧诱导压升产生了明显的非线性抑制影响,直接将污染试验空气来流下的试验结果外推应用到飞行条件,可能导致供油量偏大、甚至进气道不启动;同时也影响了隔离段内燃烧诱导激波链结构,使燃烧工作模态趋向于超燃模态。     

旋转对带斜肋和双排孔通道孔流量系数影响

为了获得工作叶片内部通道布置斜肋情况下的气膜孔流量系数,利用商业软件对带60°肋和双排气膜孔出流的旋转矩形通道内的流场进行了数值模拟.通道入口雷诺为数60 000,罗斯贝数为0,0.11,0.22,气膜孔总出流比0.22.通道静止时,计算结果与实验数据符合较好,左侧孔和右侧孔的流量系数差别不大.通道顺时针旋转时,两个孔的平均流量系数增加90%左右,左侧孔流量系数是右侧孔流量系数的4～5倍.通道逆时针旋转时,两个孔的平均流量系数减小10%左右,左侧孔和右侧孔流量系数基本相同.      

Research on the intelligent design system for investment casting die of aero-engine turbine blade based on knowledge

To solve the problems in turbine blade investment casting die design process such as long design time,lacking of expert experience and low level of intelligence,knowledge-based engineering (KBE) was introduced in the turbine blade investment casting die design field. The key technologies of the intelligent design method were researched and a prototype system was developed. A hybrid reasoning model was prompted in which case-based reasoning (CBR) was applied to conceptual design and rule-based reasoning (RBR) was applied to parts design after research the design process and domain knowledge of casting die. In the conceptual design stage,a retrieval model which integrated nearest neighbor approach and knowledge-based retrieval approach was prompted to improve the retrieval efficiency. Meanwhile,RBR was used to modify the retrieval result. The practical application results indicate that this system can reuse the expert experience efficiently and heighten the die design efficiency and quality.      

变桨角对舰船用燃气轮机过渡态性能的影响

基于SIMULINK平台搭建了分轴燃气轮机稳态、过渡态仿真的数学模型,利用该模型进行燃气轮机-螺旋桨共同工作动态仿真,分析了螺旋桨角度瞬态变化对燃气轮机性能的影响。在燃气轮机性能曲线网图和压气机特性线图中得到燃气轮机工作过程,并得到螺旋桨角度瞬态变化对燃气轮机性能参数的影响。     

温度分布对自由盘层流换热的影响

在盘面过余温度为半径的多项式分布的第1类热边界条件下,对自由盘不可压层流流动和换热进行了数值模拟,盘面局部努赛尔数的计算值与理论解相比符合很好。计算结果表明:过余温度成倍变化时,盘面局部努赛尔数不受影响;过余温度按n次单项式分布时,盘面的局部努赛尔数与所有按n次多项式分布时所得局部努赛尔数相比为最大;过余温度为任意多项式分布时,盘面局部努赛尔数数值上介于过余温度单独按该多项式的最高次和最低次分布所得到的局部努赛尔数之间,且随最高次项系数的增大而增大、随最低次项系数的增大而减小、随着中间次数项的系数在低半径区域增大而增大在高半径区域增大而减小。通过对计算数据的分析,给出和验证了过余温度按任意多项式分布时盘面局部努赛尔数的计算公式。     

涡轮叶片尾缘冷却特性数值研究

为了研究不同叶片尾缘结构对气膜冷却效果的影响规律,设计了三种尾缘结构,采用数值模拟的方法分别对其冷却效果进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)三种尾缘结构的冷却效率沿壁面的分布有很大差异,针对模型Ⅰ,在小吹风比时,冷却效率沿尾缘壁面逐渐减小;而在大吹风比时,冷却效率呈现逐渐升高的趋势;(2)模型Ⅱ和模型Ⅲ的冷却效率沿壁面均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,但二者降低的规律又不相同;(3)在相同壁面位置,模型Ⅲ的冷却效率最高,模型Ⅰ的冷却效率最低,因此可以认为,模型Ⅲ所示的尾缘结构更有利于叶片尾缘的冷却。     

涡轮叶片吸力面上收敛缝形孔气膜冷却效率的数值研究

运用RNG湍流模型对叶片吸力面开设收敛缝形孔的冷却特性进行了数值模拟,分析在叶栅通道主流入口雷诺数Re=4×105~6×105和二次流吹风比M=0.5~3.0范围内,沿吸力面3个典型弦向位置处(分别对应叶栅通道喉部上游、喉部和喉部下游)开设收敛缝形孔对气膜冷却效果的影响。计算结果表明:各位置处收敛缝形孔吸力面的冷却效率随着吹风比和主流入口雷诺数的增大而逐渐升高;与圆形孔相比,各位置处收敛缝形孔沿流向的冷却效率均得到有效改善,且在展向上的分布较均匀;在相同的主流入口雷诺数和二次流吹风比下,位于喉部上游位置的收敛缝形孔冷却效率大都高于其他位置。