Composition of anomalous cosmic rays and implications for the heliosphere

We use energy spectra of anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) measured with the Cosmic Ray instrument on the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft during the period 1994/157-313 to determine several parameters of interest to heliospheric studies. We estimate that the strength of the solar wind termination shock is 2.42 (–0.08, +0.04). We determine the composition of ACRs by estimating their differential energy spectra at the shock and find the following abundance ratios: H/He = 5.6 (–0.5, ⁺0.6), C/He = 0.00048 ± 0.00011, N/He = 0.011 ± 0.001, O/He = 0.075 ± 0.006, and Ne/He = 0.0050 ± 0.0004. We correlate our observations with those of pickup ions to deduce that the long-term ionization rate of neutral nitrogen at 1 AU is 8.3 × 10^–7 s^–1 and that the charge-exchange cross section for neutral N and solar wind protons is 1.0 × 10^–15 cm² at 1.1 keV. We estimate that the neutral C/He ratio in the outer heliosphere is 1.8(–0.7, +0.9) × 10^–5. We also find that heavy ions are preferentially injected into the acceleration process at the termination shock.     

Structure of low-head two-phase flow in flat nozzles during outflow of the liquid into rarefied medium

Outcomes of experimental researches of the low-pressure adiabatic flow of the boiling liquid through two-dimensional Laval nozzles in a vacuum atmosphere were adduced. Requirements of critical conditions of flow were determined. Structural forms of a stream were investigated and their connection with crisis of flow was shown. It was established periodic non-stationary macrostructures of a stream which was stipulated by the rotational gear of origin of a vapor phase.      

我国新一代中型高轨运载火箭发展研究

新一代火箭CZ-5、CZ-6和CZ-7陆续首飞成功,拉开了我国运载火箭更新换代的序幕。新一代中型运载火箭CZ-7于2016年6月和2017年4月圆满完成了两次飞行任务,为中型运载火箭的研制奠定了坚实的基础。在CZ-7火箭基础上,增加CZ-3A氢氧三子级,在海南文昌发射GTO轨道卫星,运载能力不低于7.0t,可快速形成更新换代能力,填补我国GTO轨道该吨位的运载能力的空白。为了进一步提升我国运载火箭的竞争力,对标国际先进水平,针对新一代中型高轨运载火箭开展构型优化研究,以提高火箭性能,降低火箭成本,提升火箭的使用维护性能,满足后续GTO发射任务需求。     

粒子分离器鼓包柔性复合材料的本构模型研究

为了预测可变形粒子分离器鼓包复杂工况的力学行为,得到柔性帘线/橡胶复合材料结构的变形特性模型,基于连续介质力学的理论,建立了一种考虑帘线/橡胶之间剪切应变能的帘线/橡胶复合材料本构模型,通过ABAQUS的UANISOHYPER_INV接口编写各向异性超弹性材料的本构子程序,形成有效的帘线/橡胶复合材料的变形行为预测方法。结合橡胶材料Mooney—Rivilin本构模型,基于大变形不可压缩方法处理橡胶试验数据,运用最小二乘法拟合单轴拉伸试验数据,得到橡胶材料的参数C10=-0.27MPa与C01=1.12MPa;在橡胶超弹性本构的基础上,建立了帘线/橡胶复合材料的各向超弹性本构模型,并通过单轴拉伸试验拟合帘线和剪切应变能的参数;并进行单轴拉伸试验验证帘线/橡胶复合材料的各向超弹性本构模型。结果表明:拉伸变形量在20%内,数据吻合较好,进一步证明所建本构模型的准确性,为可变形粒子分离器鼓包有限元仿真分析奠定理论基础。     

轴承腔油气两相介质流动与热分析

为获得轴承腔油气两相介质流动与热分析计算方法,探究轴承腔油气两相介质流动换热规律。以某发动机轴承腔结构为对象,运用CFD方法分析轴承腔中两相介质流动速度、温度分布、体积分数和传热系数分布。基于试验获取轴承腔内外不同位置局部温度,利用温度梯度法计算热流获得传热系数。结果表明:两相介质的流动速度随径向高度增大呈现先增大后减小趋势,在无量纲径向高度为0.6时流速最大。轴承腔中转子及壁面之间的区域两相介质的温度随径向坐标增大呈现先减小后增大趋势。轴承腔内滑油主要分布在回油池及轴承腔外壁面上,回油池旁边其剪力分量和重力方向一致区域的油膜较薄,局部传热系数较小,其方向相反区域的油膜较厚,局部传热系数较大。      

飞向晕轨道的探测器轨道优化

晕轨道的稳定流形为从地球到晕轨道的转移轨道设计提供了便利．以往都采用在晕轨道上的目标点施加脉冲,这样,稳定流形只是为转移轨道的设计提供一个初始猜想,探测器并没有运行在稳定流形上,因而并未真正利用稳定流形节省燃料的优势．利用基于序优化理论的微分修正法,研究从晕轨道近地点稳定流形上不同点进入稳定流形所需要的燃料消耗,寻找燃耗最少的转移轨道．仿真表明,对于晕轨道近地点入轨,找到的稳定流形射入点机动比以往的晕轨道入轨点机动节省约33％的燃料消耗．此外,还对晕轨道上不同入轨点的入轨代价进行了研究,得到了晕轨道近地点入轨的最小燃耗解．     

The interstellar heliopause probe technology reference study

The interstellar heliopause probe (IHP) is one of ESA’s technology reference studies (TRS). The TRS aim to focus the development of strategically important technologies of relevance to future science missions by studying technologically demanding and scientifically interesting missions that are currently not part of the science mission programme.

Equipped with a highly integrated payload suite (HIPS), the IHP will perform in situ exploration of the heliopause and the heliospheric interface. The HIPS, which is a standard element in all TRSs, miniaturize payloads through resource reduction by using miniaturized components and sensors, and by sharing common structures and payload functionality.

To achieve the scientific requirements of the mission, the spacecraft is to leave the heliosphere as close to the heliosphere nose as possible and reach a distance of 200 AU from the Sun within 25 years. This is possible by using a trajectory with two solar flybys and a solar sail with characteristic acceleration of 1.1 mm/s², which corresponds to a 245 × 245 m² solar sail and a sail thickness of 1–2 μm. The trajectory facilitates a modest sail design that could potentially be developed in a reasonable timeframe.

In this paper, an update to the results of studies being performed on this mission will be given and the current mission baseline and spacecraft design will be described. Furthermore, alternative solar sail systems and enabling technologies will be discussed.     

压力传感器膜片表面温度的测量和分析计算

用红外热成象技术测量应变式压力传感器工作时的膜片温度分布,以判断由于电阻应变片工作时温度变化对测量准确性的影响。测量中为获得应变片的真实温度,作了表面喷黑处理。对于实用的3MPa和0.6MPa的压力传感器,在不同工作介质(空气和变压器油)及工作电压条件下进行了测量,其结果表明:应变片表面温度随工作电压增高而加大,且不均匀。以空气为介质的温度高于以变压器油为介质的温度。据此可以确定对压力测量准确度的影响。还用有限差分方法对压力传感器膜片表面温度作了数值分析计算。     

飞机全,静压系统除水研究

阐述了全，静压系统中水的形成及其在导管中运动的方式，以及水柱移动的稳定位置与仪表的水柱误差指示值；提出了沉淀器的安装和管路的敷设要求。     

Simulations of pickup-ion acceleration at quasi-perpendicular shocks

We present results from hybrid simulations (kinetic ion/fluid electron) of the interaction of interstellar pickup ions with collisionless shocks. Since cross-field transport is unphysically suppressed in the one-dimensional geometry used here, an ad hoc scattering algorithm is used to model this effect. This is a necessary step to accelerate the pickup ions from their initial low energies at quasi-perpendicular shocks to the high energies which are often observed associated with traveling interplanetary shocks by Ulysses.