飞机导航系统校准技术探讨

飞机导航系统是引导和保障飞机安全飞行的关键系统,其所涉及的一些主要参数（如VOR方位、TACAN方位、进近着陆距离、下滑轨迹等）是典型的专用参数,采用普通的方法很难准确地校准这些参数,同时由于缺少直接的国家（国防）最高标准,溯源也很困难。本文以区域导航系统为例,就其校准系统发展的特点、现有校准方法的优缺点、现有计量技术的瓶颈及解决设想等方面做些探讨性的研究,以期能够更好地解决现有军（民）机导航系统专用计量参数的溯源和量传中存在的问题。     

三维地形不变性特征描述及其在地形匹配中的应用

 针对实时地形图与基准地形图之间存在旋转、缩放和平移等相似变换的地形匹配问题,提出一种基于地形不变性特征描述的匹配方法。分析了地形的凹凸特征,根据三维地形表面的局部极值点相对位置分布稳定的特点,采用极值点相对位置归一化表示的方法构造了地形的不变性特征向量,基于二维地形特征向量间的距离比较,实现了适应相似变换的地形匹配。该地形描述与匹配方法不依赖于地形的绝对尺度值,仿真实验表明了方法具有较好的实用性,是解决导航定位中存在缩放变换的地形匹配的有效方法。     

一种通过观测两颗恒星确定飞行器姿态的算法

本文介绍了通过固联安装在飞行器本体上的星跟踪器观测两颗恒星,确定飞行器姿态的一种算法,建立了相应的坐标系,推导了恒星观测角与描述飞行器姿态的四元数之间的关系。     

惯性平台离心试验的力学分析

惯性平台离心试验是平台例行试验项目之一。本文叙述:(1)惯性平台组合的运动分解;(2)惯性力的分布;(3)惯性力对外框架轴之矩Mx的表达式;(4)Mx与离心机臂长成反比;(5)达朗贝尔原理的应用。     

Nonlinear filtering methods for spacecraft navigation based on differential algebra

The paper investigates the problem of nonlinear filtering applied to spacecraft navigation. Differential algebraic (DA) techniques are proposed as a valuable tool to implement the higher-order numerical and analytic extended Kalman filters. Working in the DA framework allows us to consistently reduce the required computational effort without losing accuracy. The performance of the proposed filters is assessed on different orbit determination problems with realistic orbit uncertainties. The case of nonlinear measurements is also considered. Numerical simulations show the good performance of the filter in case of both complex dynamics and highly nonlinear measurement problems.     

Analysis and experiments for delay compensation in attitude control of flexible spacecraft

Space vehicles are often characterized by highly flexible appendages, with low natural frequencies which can generate coupling phenomena during orbital maneuvering. The stability and delay margins of the controlled system are deeply affected by the presence of bodies with different elastic properties, assembled to form a complex multibody system. As a consequence, unstable behavior can arise. In this paper the problem is first faced from a numerical point of view, developing accurate multibody mathematical models, as well as relevant navigation and control algorithms. One of the main causes of instability is identified with the unavoidable presence of time delays in the GNC loop. A strategy to compensate for these delays is elaborated and tested using the simulation tool, and finally validated by means of a free floating platform, replicating the flexible spacecraft attitude dynamics (single axis rotation). The platform is equipped with thrusters commanded according to the on–off modulation of the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) control law. The LQR is based on the estimate of the full state vector, i.e. including both rigid – attitude – and elastic variables, that is possible thanks to the on line measurement of the flexible displacements, realized by processing the images acquired by a dedicated camera. The accurate mathematical model of the system and the rigid and elastic measurements enable a prediction of the state, so that the control is evaluated taking the predicted state relevant to a delayed time into account. Both the simulations and the experimental campaign demonstrate that by compensating in this way the time delay, the instability is eliminated, and the maneuver is performed accurately.     

基于精确星光大气折射观测模型的轨道摄动研究

基于星光折射间接敏感地平自主导航方法,改进了现有的大气密度模型和固定高度(25km)的观测模型,建立了自适应连续高度(20km～50km)的星光折射观测模型,并在此观测模型的基础上深入分析研究了影响导航精度的各种轨道摄动力,包括地球形状各阶摄动力、不同高度的大气阻力摄动力、太阳光辐射压力等.提出一种精简的大气模式--静止变标高球面大气,解决了由于高层大气密度的求解复杂,使大气阻力摄动模型不精确的问题,由此取得了较好的导航定位精度.利用UKF和EKF两种不同非线性算法,对考虑各种摄动力后的导航定位精度进行全面的计算机仿真实验,并就仿真结果进行了误差分析,同时研究了各种有关参数对导航精度的影响.     

导航卫星有效载荷的仿真技术研究

文章针对GPS和Galileo导航卫星有效载荷,研究有效载荷仿真系统可变参数的在线更改实现技术,达到构建灵活参数设置,验证导航体制的目的;文章还对仿真过程中的信息流进行了分析,给出了可行的信息流程图。     

一种快速传递对准的方法

传递对准是战术机载武器惯导系统初始对准的一种有效办法。本文采用了一种“速度 姿态匹配”的快速传递对准方法 ,推导了这种方法的数学模型。采用一种简单的飞行轨迹 ,对传递对准滤波器进行了仿真 ,结果表明在较短的时间内 ,子惯导系统不对准角的估计可达到要求的精度。     

基于非线性滤波技术的多航天器编队飞行相对导航

航天器编队飞行协调工作,必须精确确定各航天器的相对位置和相对速度,即进行编队飞行相对导航,本文提出了一种UKF和卡尔曼滤波组合的非线性滤波算法,并将算法应用于编队飞行的载波相位差分GPS相对导航。