Analysis of pressure characteristics under laminar and turbulent flow states inside the pilot stage of a deflection flapper servo-valve: Mathematical modeling with CFD study and experimental validation

Electro-hydraulic servo-valves are widely used components in the mechanical industry, aerospace and aerodynamic devices which precisely control the airplane or missile wings. Due to the small size and complex structure in the pilot stage of deflection flapper servo-valves, accurate mathematical models for the flow and pressure characteristics have always been very difficult to be built. In this paper, mathematical models for the pilot stage of deflection flapper servo-valve are investigated to overcome some gaps between the theoretical formulation and overall performance of the valve by considering different flow states. Here, a mathematical model of the velocity distribution at the flapper groove exit is established by using Schlichting velocity equations for in-compressible laminar fluid flow. Moreover, when the flow becomes turbulent, a mathematical model of pressure characteristics in the receiving ports is built on the basis of the assumption of the collision between the liquid and the jet as the impact of the jet on a moving block of fluid particles. To verify the analytical models for both laminar and turbulent flows, the pressure characteristics of the deflection flapper pilot stage are calculated and tested by using numerical simulation and experiment. Experimental verification of the theory is also presented. The computed numerical and analytical results show a good agreement with experimental data.     

Aerodynamic shape optimization for alleviating dynamic stall characteristics of helicopter rotor airfoil

In order to alleviate the dynamic stall effects in helicopter rotor, the sequential quadratic programming(SQP) method is employed to optimize the characteristics of airfoil under dynamic stall conditions based on the SC1095 airfoil. The geometry of airfoil is parameterized by the class-shape-transformation(CST) method, and the C-topology body-fitted mesh is then automatically generated around the airfoil by solving the Poisson equations. Based on the grid generation technology, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations are chosen as the governing equations for predicting airfoil flow field and the highly-efficient implicit scheme of lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel(LU-SGS) is adopted for temporal discretization. To capture the dynamic stall phenomenon of the rotor more accurately, the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is employed to close the RANS equations. The optimized airfoil with a larger leading edge radius and camber is obtained. The leading edge vortex and trailing edge separation of the optimized airfoil under unsteady conditions are obviously weakened, and the dynamic stall characteristics of optimized airfoil at different Mach numbers, reduced frequencies and angles of attack are also obviously improved compared with the baseline SC1095 airfoil. It is demonstrated that the optimized method is effective and the optimized airfoil is suitable as the helicopter rotor airfoil.     

Validation of numerical prediction of dynamic derivatives: The DLR-F12 and the Transcruiser test cases

The dynamic derivatives are widely used in linear aerodynamic models in order to determine the flying qualities of an aircraft: the ability to predict them reliably, quickly and sufficiently early in the design process is vital in order to avoid late and costly component redesigns. This paper describes experimental and computational research dealing with the determination of dynamic derivatives carried out within the FP6 European project SimSAC. Numerical and experimental results are compared for two aircraft configurations: a generic civil transport aircraft, wing-fuselage-tail configuration called the DLR-F12 and a generic Transonic CRuiser, which is a canard configuration. Static and dynamic wind tunnel tests have been carried out for both configurations and are briefly described within this paper. The data generated for both the DLR-F12 and TCR configurations include force and pressure coefficients obtained during small amplitude pitch, roll and yaw oscillations while the data for the TCR configuration also include large amplitude oscillations, in order to investigate the dynamic effects on nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics. In addition, dynamic derivatives have been determined for both configurations with a large panel of tools, from linear aerodynamic (Vortex Lattice Methods) to CFD. This work confirms that an increase in fidelity level enables the dynamic derivatives to be calculated more accurately. Linear aerodynamics tools are shown to give satisfactory results but are very sensitive to the geometry/mesh input data. Although all the quasi-steady CFD approaches give comparable results (robustness) for steady dynamic derivatives, they do not allow the prediction of unsteady components for the dynamic derivatives (angular derivatives with respect to time): this can be done with either a fully unsteady approach i.e. with a time-marching scheme or with frequency domain solvers, both of which provide comparable results for the DLR-F12 test case. As far as the canard configuration is concerned, strong limitations for the linear aerodynamic tools are observed. A key aspect of this work are the acceleration techniques developed for CFD methods, which allow the computational time to be dramatically reduced while providing comparable results.     

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Passive Vortex Generators on Aludra UAV Performance

A study of the effects of passive vortex generators (VGs) on Aludra unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerodynamic characteristics is presented. Both experimental and numerical works are carried out where an array of VGs is attached on Aludra UAV’s wing. The flow measurements are made at various angles of attack by using 3-axis component balance system. In the numerical investigation, the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) code FLUENT 6.3TM is used in the simulations with fully structured mesh with Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model and standard wall function. The comparison between the experimental and numerical results reveals a satisfactory agreement. The parametric study shows that higher maximum lift coefficient is achieved when the VGs are placed nearer to the separation point. In addition to this, shorter spanwise distance between the VGs also increases the maximum lift coefficient, rectangular and curve-edge VG performs better than triangular VG.     

基于非结构动网格的非定常流数值模拟方法

给出了基于非结构动网格的非定常流动问题的数值模拟方法,重点说明两种动态非结构网格方法的原理以及在非定常流模拟中的算法.一种是基于非结构网格的重叠网格方法,该方法结合了非结构网格方法和重叠网格方法的优点,以物面距为准则参数对网格节点进行分类,进而建立重叠网格的网格问插值关系,通过采用动态非结构重叠网格算法,可以处理多体间...     

CFD在舰船甲板流场计算与特性研究中的应用

本文通过运用CFD技术数值模拟舰船的运动,来求解各种舰桥风速和风向下的甲板流场。建立了某型舰船的物理模型和外流场网格,给出了甲板流场的结果矢量图,并与试验结果进行对比分析,得出流场规律,为直升机在甲板上的安全起降提供技术支持。     

Flow field and pressure loss analysis of junction and its structure optimization of aircraft hydraulic pipe system

The flow field in junction is complicated due to the ripple property of oil flow velocity and different frequencies of two pumps in aircraft. In this study, the flow fields of T-junction and Y-junction were analyzed using shear stress transport (SST) model in ANSYS/CFX software. The simulation results identified the variation rule of velocity peak in T-junction with different frequencies and phase-differences, meanwhile, the eddy and velocity shock existed in the corner of the T-junction, and the limit working state was obtained. Although the eddy disappeared in Y-junction, the velocity shock and pressure loss were still too big. To address these faults, an arc-junction was designed. Based on the flow fields of arc-junction, the eddy in the junction corner disappeared and the maximum of velocity peak declined compared to T-and Y-junction. Additionally, 8 series of arc-junction with different radiuses were tested to get the variation rule of velocity peak. Through the computation of the pressure loss of three junctions, the arc-junction had a lowest loss value, and its pressure loss reached the minimum value when the curvature radius is 35.42 mm, meanwhile, the velocity shock has decreased in a low phase.     

在轨流体管理技术进展和关键技术分析

综述了国外在轨流体管理技术的发展现状与趋势，分析了低温流体长期在轨贮存、在轨加注、空间流体生产等主要技术，并提出了在轨流体管理中需突破的关键技术难题。     

输流管的参数共振及共振响应的数值模拟与分析

研究了两端铰支输流管道在脉动内流作用下的参数共振问题。用数值方法分析了各种参数共振的响应曲线，其存在区域以及响应频率与脉动流频率之间的关系。研究结果发现，组合共振区域内发生两种不同的拟周期运动和组合周期运动。而且第一振型次谐波共振曲线延伸到组合共振区域。因此，在同一脉动频率下存在可发生多种不同运动的参数区域。     

点火发动机形成的受限喷流流场数值模拟

从曲线坐标下的气体Ｎ－Ｓ方程出发，采用ＥＮＯ差分格式，对点火发动机工作初期，在固体火箭发动机内腔形成的受限冷喷流流场进行数值模拟，在此基础上，分析了喷流的流场结构及特性。