X-ray observations of black-hole accretion disks

Our current theoretical and observational understandings of the accretion disks around Galactic black-holes are reviewed. Historically, a simple phenomenological accretion disk model has been used to interpret X-ray observations. Although such a phenomenological interpretation is still useful, high quality X-ray data from contemporary instruments allow us to test more realistic accretion disk models. In a simple and ideal case, the standard optically thick accretion disk model is successful to explain observations, such that the inner disk radius is constant at three times the Schwarzschild radius over large luminosity variations. However, when disk luminosity is close to or exceeds the Eddington luminosity, the standard disk model breaks, and we have to consider the “slim disk” solution in which radial energy advection is dominant. Recent observations of Ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs), which may not be explained by the standard disk model, strongly suggest the slim disk solution. We compare theoretical X-ray spectra from the slim disk with observed X-ray spectra of ULXs. We have found that the slim disk model is successful to explain ULX spectra, in terms of the massive stellar black-holes with several tens of solar mass and the super-Eddington mass accretion rates. In order to explain the large luminosities (>10⁴⁰ ergs s⁻¹) of ULXs, “intermediate black-holes” (>100M) are not required. Slim disks around massive stellar black-holes of up to several tens of solar mass would naturally explain the observed properties of ULXs.     

飞行仿真转台基于干扰观测器的鲁棒跟踪控制

对三轴飞行仿真转台系统,提出一种基于干扰观测器的鲁棒数字跟踪控制器的设计综合方法.该控制器由前馈控制器、闭环控制器及摩擦补偿环节组成.前馈环节由零相差跟踪控制器ZPETC (Zero Phase Error Tracking Controller)及FIR滤波器构成,闭环由比例微分(PD)控制及干扰观测器构成,摩擦补偿采用基于库仑模型的固定补偿方法.实验结果表明,该方法能有效提高跟踪性能,并且对系统参数变化和力矩扰动具有很强的鲁棒性.     

管道截面的流速分布参数及其在涡街流量计标定中的应用

本文讨论了标定实验对涡街流量计所在截面流速分布的要求、拟合公式的选用和数据处理，以及使用标定结果时所要注意的问题。提出了一种以测试手段和分析办法相结合的关于标定涡街流量计的新的技术途径，以缩短标定装置的轴向尺寸，降低标定费用。对于充分湍流的圆管流动，根据Ｎｉｋｕｒａｄｓｅ的实验结果，给出了截面平均流速与最大流速之比随雷诺数变化的简洁计算公式。     

一种求解翼面类斜截面外形的简便方法

从飞机翼面外形设计的角度，利用顺气流截面弦长与任意斜截面弦长的相互关系，导出了一种求解翼面类斜截面外形的简便方法。本方法的优点是，可以方便地给出翼面类任意斜截面外形的相对坐标值。只要算出任意斜截面的弦长，就可以很快地得到对应外形的坐标值，而无需求解复杂的曲面方程。与传统的方法相比较，减少了计算量。这对于求解着于非顺气流方向的翼肋外形来说，尤其显得方便。文中以某型飞机机翼为例，分别用传统方法和简便方法进行计算，得到完全一致的结果。     

沿海近地层湍流特征分析

通过对杭州湾南北两侧共四个观测点近地层湍流特征分析发现:①湍流强度随风速增大而减小。低风速时,几乎与风速呈反比,高风速时基本保持为常数。可描述为:U≤U_0时,I_k=mk/U;U>U_0时,I_k=n_K。其中n_k=a_k/ln(z/z_0),mk=a_kU_0/ln(z/z_0)。a_x=1.0,ay=0.8,a_z=0.5。海岸附近,U_0=4m/s,深入内陆1.5千米以后,U_0=3m/s。②u_*/U=k/ψ(z/L)的 Businger 模式在海岸附近与观测结果吻合很好,在内陆,-1.0≤z/L≤0.3时二者吻合较好,在此范围以外,偏离较大。③不稳定条件下,水平风速标准差可用(?)描述,垂直风速标准差可用(?)描述。稳定条件下,可用(?)(?)描述。此外,稳定条件下,有σ_w/σ_u=0.48,σ_w/σ_v=0.59;不稳定条件下有σ_w/σ_u=0.53,σ_w/σ_v=O.67。     

概括原则与悖论研究的进展

悖论的出现与概括原则中的造集的任意性有很大关系。然而,历史上各种排除悖论的方案要么修改概括原则而过多地限制了概括原则的合理内容,要么修改与之配套的逻辑系统而导致失败。近年来,这些问题的研究又取得了新的进展,有必要历史地加以评介,本文从类型论、ZFC公理系统、BG公理系统、多值逻辑系统和中介数学系统五个方面综述逻辑数学悖论之解释方法的研究情况。     

矩形栅格波导阵列单元的阵中特性

根据等效原理,用矩量法(MOM)导出求解仅激励中心单元条件下矩形栅格开口波导阵列各单元口面等效磁流的模型,在此基础上给出了激励单元的内部场、耦合场、反射系数、驻波系数,激励波导与阵中其他波导的耦合系数,以及远区场等阵中特性的计算公式。在不同工作频率下计算了一7单元×7单元开口波导矩形栅格阵中激励单元的等效磁流和阵中方向图,以及激励单元与阵中其他单元的耦合系数。研究表明:互耦对单元的阵中特性影响明显,阵中驻波系数明显大于孤立单元,单元间的耦合随工作频率增大而减弱。     

STUDY ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF LaB_6-ZrB_2 IN-SITU COMPOSITE

ＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＭＩＣＲＯＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥＯＦＬａＢ６┐ＺｒＢ２ＩＮ┐ＳＩＴＵＣＯＭＰＯＳＩＴＥＣｈｅｎＣｈａｎｇｍｉｎｇ（陈昌明），ＺｈａｎｇＬｉｔｏｎｇ（张立同），ＺｈｏｕＷａｎｃｈｅｎｇ（周万城），ＣｈｅｎｇＬａｉｆｅｉ（成来飞）（Ｓｔａ...     

Two-spacecraft observations of reconnection at the magnetopause: Model results and data comparison

We revisit an example of “quasi-steady” magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause on February 11, 1998, observed by Equator-S and Geotail at the dawnside magnetopause. Phan et al. [Phan, T.D. et al., 2000. Extended magnetic reconnection at the Earth’s magnetopause from detection of bi-directional jets. Nature 404, 848–850.] reported oppositely directed jets at these spacecrafts and inferred a length of the reconnection line of about 38R_E. Pinnock et al. [Pinnock, M., Chisham, G., Coleman, I.J., Freeman, M.P., Hairston, M., Villain, J.-P., 2003. The location and rate of dayside reconnection during an interval of southward interplanetary magnetic field. Ann. Geophys. 21, 1467–1482.] used measurements from SuperDARN radars to show that the reconnection electric field was variable. Here we complement this work by obtaining snapshots of the reconnection electric field from the in situ observations. To do this, we apply a reconstruction method based on a model of compressible Petschek-type magnetic reconnection. This independent method uses magnetic field observations as input data to calculate the reconnection electric field. We obtain average values of E_rec in the range of 0.4–2.4 mV/m. Further we infer a distance perpendicular to the reconnection line of 0.4–0.6R_E. The model results are compared with the two studies mentioned above. It thus appears that while the transfer of momentum for this event is indeed large-scale, the actual rate depends on the time it is measured.     

Effects of eccentricity of the reference orbit on multi-tethered satellite formations

The paper discusses the relevance of eccentric reference orbits on the dynamics of a tethered formation, when a massive cable model is included in the analysis of a multi-tethered satellite formation. The formations examined in this study are hub-and-spoke (HAS) and closed-hub-and-spoke (CHAS) configurations for in-plane and Earth-facing spin planes. Stability of the formations is studied by means of numerical simulation, together with the evaluation of the effects of eccentricity on tether elongation, agents relative position, and formation orientation and shape.