The Full Flowpath Analysis of a Hypersonic Vehicle

对一种类X43-A吸气式高超飞行器全流道开展了M7一级的三维数值仿真研究,深入探索了进气道处于起动状态和不起动状态时全流道的冷流流场结构和和气动力特性,且部分结果与实验数据进行了对比。研究结果表明:(1)前体横截面上存在显著的展向压强梯度,使得经过预压缩的气流偏离了进气道进口,但同时也减少了进入内通道的边界层气流,提高了进口流场的品质;(2)后体喷流股的膨胀过程受到了周围外流的显著干扰,因而沿流动方向其截面形状不断发生变化,如在喷口附近为近似矩形,而在后体末端附近则演化为近似三角形;(3)当进气道处于不起动状态时,其全流道流动结构发生了显著变化,进气道的外部压缩波系往复振荡,尾喷管出口的喷流股也在不停的膨胀和收缩,具有极强的非定常特征;(4)当进气道处于不起动状态时,全机的气动力特性呈周期性变化,升阻比的变化幅度较大,在最大、最小值分别可达起动状态的2倍和1/4倍。另外,升力、阻力系数的变化曲线之间存在一定的相位差;(5)与实验结果的对照表明,所采用的数值仿真方法具有较高的精度。     

内凹通道中激波串流场特性的实验研究

三维内转式进气道以其高总压恢复系数和高压缩效率等优势,已成为高超声速进气道的发展趋势。然而,内转式进气道流场中更为复杂的激波串结构以及激波串/边界层相互作用成为其性能发挥的关键制约因素。针对内转式进气道中复杂的流动特性,文章开展了高超声速地面风洞实验研究,并对流场进行了可视化测量。首先,搭建了超声速直连式风洞实验台;然后,设计了方转圆段将内转式进气道中独特的内凹通道和矩形喷管平滑连接。结果表明:低来流马赫数下,内凹通道中的激波串前缘激波呈“λ”型,高来流马赫数下则呈“X”型,并且平直壁侧发生流动大分离,流场具有显著非对称性。此外,随着背压的增加,激波串继续向前移动,前缘激波扫掠时的测量点压力发生显著的振荡跳跃。     

Influence of shock attenuation on tailored operation in free piston shock tunnels

The free piston shock tunnel is a type of shock tunnel with high performance. For this type of tunnel, the influence mechanism of shock wave attenuation on tailored operation is explored by numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. By introducing the normalized velocity, the simple constraint equation for shock wave under the tailored operation is deduced. Moreover, the real gas effect is also taken into account in this equation. Based on the equation, the tailored operation of shock tunnels can be predicted with very few calculations. The present study shows that the change rate of the thermodynamic state of the gas behind the shock wave is inconsistent with the attenuation rate of the shock wave, which is the fundamental reason why the wind tunnel achieves tailored operation at a lower Mach number of shock waves. This lower Mach number of shock waves differs from the corresponding ideal value by a factor, which is about the square root of shock attenuation rate.     

液氧甲烷发动机点火冲击特性研究

为研究液氧甲烷发动机燃烧室点火冲击特性及影响因素,根据爆轰波产生的机理,建立了甲烷推进剂液相蒸发数学模型,采用C-J(Chapman-Jouguet)爆轰理论,计算和分析了不同混合比、初温及初压对爆轰参数的影响规律.结果表明,爆轰波的强度与初压、初温及混合比密切相关.初压越高,初温越低,越接近化学当量混合比时,爆轰压比...     

NEW APPROACH TO OBTAIN SPACE-TIME CONSERVATION SCHEMES

Inordertoovercometheseverallimitationsofthetraditionalmetheds,anewnumericalmethodofspace-timeconservationelementandsolutionelement(CE/SE)forsolvingconser-vationlawswasdevelopedbyChang['j.Thismethoddifferssubstantiallyinbothconceptandmethedologyfromthewell-establishedmethodslsuchasfinitedifference,finiteelement,etc.,andithasmanynontraditionalfeatures.First,spaceandtimeareunifiedandtreatedonthesamefooting,andbytheintroductionofconservationelementandsolutionelement,bothlocalandglobalfluxconserv…     

Simulations of pickup-ion acceleration at quasi-perpendicular shocks

We present results from hybrid simulations (kinetic ion/fluid electron) of the interaction of interstellar pickup ions with collisionless shocks. Since cross-field transport is unphysically suppressed in the one-dimensional geometry used here, an ad hoc scattering algorithm is used to model this effect. This is a necessary step to accelerate the pickup ions from their initial low energies at quasi-perpendicular shocks to the high energies which are often observed associated with traveling interplanetary shocks by Ulysses.     

Composition of anomalous cosmic rays and implications for the heliosphere

We use energy spectra of anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) measured with the Cosmic Ray instrument on the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft during the period 1994/157-313 to determine several parameters of interest to heliospheric studies. We estimate that the strength of the solar wind termination shock is 2.42 (–0.08, +0.04). We determine the composition of ACRs by estimating their differential energy spectra at the shock and find the following abundance ratios: H/He = 5.6 (–0.5, ⁺0.6), C/He = 0.00048 ± 0.00011, N/He = 0.011 ± 0.001, O/He = 0.075 ± 0.006, and Ne/He = 0.0050 ± 0.0004. We correlate our observations with those of pickup ions to deduce that the long-term ionization rate of neutral nitrogen at 1 AU is 8.3 × 10^–7 s^–1 and that the charge-exchange cross section for neutral N and solar wind protons is 1.0 × 10^–15 cm² at 1.1 keV. We estimate that the neutral C/He ratio in the outer heliosphere is 1.8(–0.7, +0.9) × 10^–5. We also find that heavy ions are preferentially injected into the acceleration process at the termination shock.     

跨声速翼型激波／边界层干扰被动控制的数值模拟计算

本文应用数值计算的方法着重研究了跨声速翼型开孔壁的减阻效果。计算采用了边界层与位流相互作用的模型,藉以了解开孔壁对激波强度及结构的影响和对边界层控制的效果。通过对NACA0012翼型的计算表明,本文采用的自然吹吸的开孔模型能够显著地削弱激波的强度,改善激波的结构,但会使粘性损失增加。在马赫数较小时,翼型开孔后总阻力会增加,而在大马赫数时,开孔翼型的减阻效果才表现出来。这种趋势是与实验结果相吻合的。     

双重加权实质无波动激波捕捉格式

本文构造了一种新的加权激波捕捉格式，命名为双重加权实质无波动(Double Weighted Essentially Non—Oscillatory，简称DWENO)格式。DWENO格式不需要引进最优权值，并且可以递推地达到任意高阶精度。文中给出了典型算例的计算结果，这些结果表明DWENO格式具有高于WENO格式的间断分辨率。     

楔—后掠柱激波干扰流场和热流的工程算法

本文针对航天飞机机翼前缘的简化模型,即楔-后掠柱模型,在大后掠、高超声速条件下,提供了一种计算柱体前缘激波干扰流场和热流的工程计算方法。在中国科技大学流体力学实验室的激波风洞中取得了激波干扰的流场显示结果。计算的结果与国内外实验数据的比较表明,这是一种有效的方法。