汽雾两相流强化冷却燃气轮机叶片内冷通道

实验研究了方形通道这一重型燃气轮机中常用叶片强制对流冷却通道结构.分析了雷诺数、壁面热流密度以及水雾质量流量比等关键参数对汽雾冷却通道的传热特性的影响,并建立了考虑离散相水雾的流动工况和通道壁面加热条件的实验关联式.结果表明:相对于纯蒸汽,汽雾两相流的传热系数显著提高,且传热性能提高的幅度随热流密度的增大而减小,随雷诺数和水雾质量流量比的增大而增大;通道上壁面平均传热系数低于下壁面,在高热流密度和低水雾质量流量比下,两者相差约13%,而在低热流密度与高水雾质量流量比的情况下,该比值增加到约25%.      

反演航天器在轨瞬态外热流的导热反问题

获得航天器在轨飞行过程中的外热流数据对于研究热控涂层在轨退化规律、各种空间因素对热控产品的影响以及航天器姿轨控发动机羽流热效应都有非常重要的意义,然而直接测量热流存在很多困难,因此可以通过求解导热反问题得到满足一定精度的结果.首先,通过研究利用航天器设备在轨遥测温度值反演出航天器在轨瞬态外热流的导热反问题方法,建立了反演航天器在轨瞬态外热流的数学模型,采用共轭梯度法求解导热反问题并从物理概念角度改进了共轭梯度法的迭代过程以增加其抗不适定性;然后构造了两组能够代表目前大多数地球轨道航天器以及深空探测航天器在轨吸收外热流变化的数值试验对共轭梯度法的反演效果进行了检验.除阶跃变化位置以外反演值与真实值的最大相对偏差为2.9%,反演效果非常好;对于阶跃变化位置的吸收外热流在对反演结果进行分析处理后也能够得到较好的反演结果.      

金属微滴水平喷射关键参数调控机制及试验

均匀金属微滴喷射3D打印技术是一种极具应用前景的空间金属增材制造技术,明晰其重力敏感度是实现该技术空间化应用的前提。在地基条件下,将熔滴喷射沉积方向翻转至水平状态是直观反映其打印过程重力效应的有效方法。针对熔滴水平稳定喷射调控的难题,建立了熔滴水平喷射流体力学模型及压电激振动力学模型,通过试验,探究了熔滴水平喷射不稳定形成机制,明晰了不同喷射行为下的激振特性,揭示了熔滴水平稳定喷射调控规律。结果表明：压电模块驱动信号（脉宽、幅值）对激振杆振动特性影响极为显著,激振杆行程随幅值或脉宽的增加呈现出先增加后减小的变化规律;通过改变激振杆振动特性可调控熔滴直径、初始喷射速度及喷射稳定性,熔滴直径随幅值增大而减小,但受脉宽影响不大,而喷射速度与幅值及脉宽均正相关。基于此,试验得到了尺寸均匀的金属熔滴,并水平沉积打印出与设计模型一致的结构特征。     

Probing the origin of the iron Kα line around stellar and supermassive black holes using X-ray polarimetry

Asymmetric, broad iron lines are a common feature in the X-ray spectra of both X-ray binaries (XRBs) and type-1 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). It was suggested that the distortion of the Fe Kα emission results from Doppler and relativistic effects affecting the radiative transfer close to the strong gravitational well of the central compact object: a stellar mass black hole (BH) or neutron star (NS) in the case of XRBs, or a super massive black hole (SMBH) in the case of AGN. However, alternative approaches based on reprocessing and transmission of radiation through surrounding media also attempt to explain the line broadening. So far, spectroscopic and timing analyzes have not yet convinced the whole community to discriminate between the two scenarios. Here we study to which extent X-ray polarimetric measurements of black hole X-ray binaries (BHXRBs) and type-1 AGN could help to identify the possible origin of the line distortion. To do so, we report on recent simulations obtained for the two BH flavors and show that the proposed scenarios are found to behave differently in polarization degree and polarization angle. A relativistic origin for the distortion is found to be more probable in the context of BHXRBs, supporting the idea that the same mechanism should lead the way also for AGN. We show that the discriminating polarization signal could have been detectable by several X-ray polarimetry missions proposed in the past.     

伺服机构负载模拟系统设计与动态特性分析

针对火箭发动机喷管伺服机构的负载模拟问题,采用机械的方式,设计了一种可对伺服机构的惯性负载、摩擦力矩负载、弹性力矩负载、安装刚度以及发动机喷管柔性特征进行模拟的负载模拟器,并建立了模拟器和伺服机构数学模型。仿真分析了惯性负载、弹性力矩以及喷管柔性对伺服机构负载多自由度特性的影响。通过对伺服机构扫频实验,负载模拟器中的负载在一定范围内调节,可复现伺服机构实际工作中的动态特性。说明该负载模拟器结构设计合理,从而为具有多自由度特性的火箭伺服机构的负载模拟系统设计提供参考。该系统已经得到实际应用。     

载人航天器的可重构式控温回路系统设计

文章提出了载人航天器的可重构式控温回路系统,它由独立的中低温内外回路系统组成,可改善低温内回路由于控温点温度较低而对辐射器散热能力带来的影响,还可在某个外回路辐射器故障时进行系统重构,维持回路功能。建立了控温回路系统非稳态仿真分析模型,对正常工作模式下和某外回路故障工作模式下各舱回路控温点温度、设备温度、流量分配和载人航天器热负荷水平进行了分析。结果表明,双外回路系统比单外回路系统散热能力高27%。当双外回路中某回路故障时,通过系统重构,外回路系统可维持1850W散热能力,能保障载人航天器平台安全,表明可重构式控温回路系统能提高系统可靠性。     

小天体软着陆中的地面特征区域提取与跟踪算法

考虑到自主导航过程中的特征区域检测与跟踪问题,提出了一种新的跟踪算法。该算法是基于DIMES框架。首先,对在软着陆过程中拍摄的行星表面图像进行亮度均衡化,对处理后的图像进行二值化;然后,对二值化特征区域进行模板匹配找出高度相关位置点;最后,根据特征区域之间的几何关系确定特征区域的搜索范围,再分别提取这些相关点所代表区域的特征向量,并且与模板的特征向量进行相似性分析从而找到相似性最大的位置点。通过两组小行星表面图片进行分析验证得到了较好的效果。     

Three dimensional temperature field in a conducting sphere due to an arbitrarily located split ring heating source

Thermal control of spacecrafts plays an important role in space missions. In the design stage the preliminary thermal analysis of the spacecraft requires an estimate of the conductive thermal resistance between the various spacecraft components. With this in mind, the fully three dimensional problem of determining the thermal field in a conducting sphere with an asymmetric split ring current carrying heating source is resolved in an analytical or almost analytical form, implying either a closed form solution or utmost expressions involving a simple numerical integration. This has immediate application for evaluation of thermal resistance in spacecrafts. Green's function integral techniques are used. Comparisons are made with series solutions and also with purely numerical solutions to contrast the simplicity and highlight the elegance of the present method. Parametric studies reveal expected behavior.     

Accelerating NLTE radiative transfer by means of the Forth-and-Back Implicit Lambda Iteration: A two-level atom line formation in 2D Cartesian coordinates

State-of-the-art methods in multidimensional NLTE radiative transfer are based on the use of local approximate lambda operator within either Jacobi or Gauss–Seidel iterative schemes. Here we propose another approach to the solution of 2D NLTE RT problems, Forth-and-Back Implicit Lambda Iteration (FBILI), developed earlier for 1D geometry. In order to present the method and examine its convergence properties we use the well-known instance of the two-level atom line formation with complete frequency redistribution. In the formal solution of the RT equation we employ short characteristics with two-point algorithm. Using an implicit representation of the source function in the computation of the specific intensities, we compute and store the coefficients of the linear relations J=a+bS$J=a+\mathit{bS}$ between the mean intensity J and the corresponding source function S. The use of iteration factors in the ‘local’ coefficients of these implicit relations in two ‘inward’ sweeps of 2D grid, along with the update of the source function in other two ‘outward’ sweeps leads to four times faster solution than the Jacobi’s one. Moreover, the update made in all four consecutive sweeps of the grid leads to an acceleration by a factor of 6–7 compared to the Jacobi iterative scheme.     

纳米铝粉及纳米铝粉/煤油凝胶体系能量性能研究

测定了各单组分及纳米铝粉／煤油凝胶体系的燃烧热,表征了纳米铝粉及纳米铝粉／煤油凝胶体系的能量性能。实验结果表明,随着纳米铝粉含量的增加,纳米铝粉／煤油凝胶体系的质量恒容燃烧热呈降低趋势,这是由于煤油的燃烧热值较高,铝粉的燃烧热值较低所致;而各纳米铝粉／煤油凝胶体系的密度随纳米铝粉含量的增加呈升高趋势,体系的体积燃烧热也随纳米铝粉含量增加而升高。