圆角横槽结构对气膜冷却效率影响的实验研究

为了研究圆角横槽结构对气膜冷却效率的影响,选取槽深、槽宽、圆角半径、吹风比四个影响因素进行正交实验,采用压力敏感漆测试技术对圆孔冷却结构和圆角横槽结构的气膜冷却效率进行测试。结果表明：在低吹风(BR=0.5)、中吹风(BR=1)比、高吹风(BR=1.5)比下,除Case3外,圆角横槽的面平均气膜冷却效率均高于单一圆孔。圆角横槽的面平均气膜冷却效率相对于圆孔冷却结构最高可以提高127％,Case1-Case9中,优化组合的结构参数为：槽宽2.4D,槽深0.6D,圆角半径0.9D,优化组合面平均气膜冷却效率相对于气膜冷却效率最低的Case8可以提高177％。在槽宽、圆角半径、槽深、吹风比四个影响因素中,吹风比对圆角槽气膜冷却效率影响程度最大,其次分别是槽深、槽宽、圆角半径。     

基于神经网络的变截面再生冷却结构优化设计

针对目前再生冷却结构优化研究存在参数对比范围窄、依赖于经验关系式等问题,根据航空发动机燃烧室特点提出了一种变截面宽度再生冷却通道,并采用神经网络模型结合数值模拟结果,以通道出口燃油温度相对标准差、燃气侧最高壁温及壁温相对标准差为目标,预测了全参数范围内不同槽宽和、槽宽比及肋高下目标函数的变化规律,预测结果表明：当槽宽和较小时,增大肋高可以强化换热,但当槽宽和较大时,需减小肋高才能强化换热,这也揭示了为何有些文献中关于肋高对换热性能影响的结论会相反;此外,存在一个最佳槽宽比范围可使得三个目标函数均最低;增大槽宽和可以明显降低燃气侧壁温及其不均匀度,减小肋高可以缩小不同管道出口燃油温度的差异。从预测空间内可选取多组综合流动换热性能较优的结构,优化后三组目标函数的加权值降低了9.09%。     

具有气膜出流孔和针肋的双层壁冷却结构内的冲击传热性能

针对具有气膜出流孔和针肋的双层壁冷却结构内冲击传热性能进行了试验和数值计算研究。试验采用瞬态液晶（TLC）热像技术,研究的靶板包括光滑靶板、针肋靶板以及带气膜出流孔的针肋靶板。冲击间距比为1.5,射流雷诺数范围为15 000~30 000。结果表明,针肋+气膜出流孔结构明显改善了下游区域横流的影响,明显提高了传热性能,靶板表面传热分布也更加均匀。相比于平板,当射流雷诺数为15 000时,针肋靶板和带气膜出流孔的针肋靶板端壁表面平均Nusselt数提升幅度最大,分别为6.3%和25.3%。针对双层壁冷却结构内射流冲击传热还开展了数值计算,通过采用SST （Shear Stress Transport）k-ω湍流模型计算分析获得了该双层壁冷却结构内的流动和传热特征。     

薄膜反射面结构新型折展方案设计

基于薄膜结构模拟方式的对比分析,选用VUMAT子程序修改了考虑褶皱问题的膜单元的本构关系,解决了膜单元不能承受压应力的问题。采用三维数字图像相关（3D-DIC）方法对聚酰亚胺薄膜材料进行性能测试,试验表明带折痕的薄膜材料的等效模量比无折痕的薄膜材料低15%左右。在考虑折痕弹性模量差异的基础上采用显式计算方法对Miura折纸的展开过程进行了仿真,并基于平面度和最大应力2个指标对不同数量加载点的情况进行了对比,结果表明,加载点数量增多对结构的平面度和最大应力指标均是有利的。最后,基于薄膜结构找形和Miura折纸概念提出一种新的薄膜折叠方案。     

航空发动机帽罩热气膜防冰的加热特性

针对复合材料帽罩采用的一种热气膜防冰系统,采用计算流体力学方法研究了其内部冲击换热和外部气膜加热效果。发展了二维轴对称计算方法并与全三维计算结果进行了对比,搭建了热气吹风实验台,利用红外测温仪和热电偶测量帽罩温度,验证了数值计算方法。全面研究了不同射流雷诺数、相对冲击距和气膜缝结构参数对热气加热特性的影响,结果表明:增大射流雷诺数有利于提高内部冲击换热效果和外部气膜加热效果;最佳相对冲击距随射流雷诺数的增大而增大,射流雷诺数为10000~40000范围内最佳相对冲击距在5~8内取得;气膜射流能大幅提高缝后外壁面温度,加热效率与气膜缝宽和位置有关,前缘开设的气膜缝还会提升前缘冲击换热效果。      

水滴动力学行为对其撞击特性影响

设计了一种压电式等径离散水滴发生器,利用高速摄影的手段对水滴变形现象进行了实验研究。建立了水滴变形后的非球形阻力模型,同时引入了水滴破碎和飞溅模型,采用欧拉法对不同条件下水滴撞击NACA23012翼型的过程进行了数值模拟,并与传统模型下水滴撞击特性计算进行了对比。研究表明:水滴变形会导致其阻力系数增大,水滴阻力系数曲线在雷诺数大于500时逐渐脱离球形阻力曲线,不断增大接近圆盘阻力系数;水滴阻力特性的改变会影响水滴运动轨迹,增强水滴的气流跟随性;水滴飞溅会造成水滴质量损失,减小翼型表面局部水收集系数,这与实验数据更加吻合。      

基于正交法和Kriging模型的液体火箭发动机液膜冷却优化

通过FLUENT对火箭发动机推力室中跨临界甲烷液膜冷却稳态流场进行数值传热计算。根据正交法设计试验,得到不同膜孔孔径、轴向夹角、径向夹角和孔型四个影响因素共同作用下的冷却效果,选出最优的膜孔几何参数组合.在采用最优膜孔几何参数组合的条件下,基于最优拉丁超立方抽样建立Kriging模型,利用遗传算法得到多目标条件下最优的跨临界液膜质量流量、冷却环带的分配比和位置。结果表明,正交法和Kriging模型可以解决液体火箭发动机液膜冷却优化高设计成本和数值噪声问题。正交试验设计考虑的因素中,影响冷却效率和不均匀度的最大的因素依次为孔型、孔径、径向夹角和轴向夹角。最优的几何参数组合为孔径0.003mm,轴向夹角45°,径向夹角15°,孔型为扩散型。建立的Kriging模型能准确反映液膜质量流量、液膜分配比和冷却环带位置与目标函数的关系。最终得到的优化方案平均冷却效率提高4.9%,不均匀度减少0.025,比冲损失增加0.37%,总目标函数提高184%。优化后涡对的不对称性使得冷却剂展向分布更加均匀,同时反向涡对衰减更快,增强了液膜的附壁性,从而提高冷却效果。     

大型双曲冷却塔平均风荷载的数值模拟研究

对双曲冷却塔的平均风荷载进行CFD数值模拟,获得冷却塔内外表面的三维流场特性和各高度截面的平均风压系数分布曲线,并与以往文献的实测数据和风洞试验结果进行比较,以验证数值模拟的准确性.根据内外表面的风速矢量图,描述冷却塔内外流体的流动特征,发现旋涡的存在使风压分布趋于均匀的规律.并分析塔底的边缘效应及其对冷却塔内外表面风压的影响.讨论现行设计规范在外压的三维效应和内外压的共同作用等方面的不完善之处,给出部分改进建议和冷却塔外表面、内表面和内外表面压差的风压系数等压图,以供设计参考.     

Designing a power plant with highest efficiency:results from SFB 561

The goal of Collaborative Research Centre(SFB) 561 "thermally highly loaded,porous and cooled multi-layer systems for combined cycle power plants" is to expand the current technological and scientific knowledge on power plants in order to achieve total efficiencies of 65% in a combined cycle power plant in the year 2025.Therefore,the aero-thermomechanical,structural-mechanical,materials' scientific and production fundamentals for the development of steam and gas turbine components that are able to withstand highest thermal loads are being worked out within this SFB.This means for the gas turbine that combustion chamber outlet temperatures of 1520℃ at 1.7MPa are to be attained.In order to control these high temperatures,it is not only required to develop new materials' solutions,including thermal barrier coatings,but also to apply improved cooling techniques,as for example effusion cooling.This novel cooling concept is to be realised through open-porous structures.These structures can consist of drilled open-porous multi-layer systems or open-porous metallic foams.The development of graded multi-layer systems is also extremely important,as the grading will enable the use of coolant in dependence of the requirements.The live steam parameters in the high pressure turbine are expected to be increased up to approximately 700℃ with pressure of 30MPa.These elevated steam parameters can be encountered with Ni-base alloys,but this is a costly alternative,associated with many manufacturing difficulties.Therefore,the SFB proposes cooling the highly loaded turbines instead,as this would necessitate the application of far less Ni-base alloys.To protect the thermally highly loaded casing,a sandwich material consisting of two thin face sheets with a core of a woven wire mesh is used to cover the walls of the steam turbine casing.The current state of the research shows that by utilising innovative cooling technologies a total efficiency of 65% can be reached without exceeding the maximum allowable material temperature,thereby prolonging the life-span.      

Isothermal study of effusion cooling flows using a large eddy simulation approach

An isothermal numerical study of effusion cooling flow is conducted using a large eddy simulation(LES) approach.Two main types of cooling are considered,namely tangential film cooling and oblique patch effusion cooling.To represent tangential film cooling,a simplified model of a plane turbulent wall jet along a flat plate in quiescent surrounding fluid is considered.In contrast to a classic turbulent boundary layer flow,the plane turbulent wall jet possesses an outer free shear flow region,an inner near wall region and an interaction region,characterised by substantial levels of turbulent shear stress transport.These shear stress characteristics hold significant implications for RANS modelling,implications that also apply to more complex tangential film cooling flows with non-zero free stream velocities.The LES technique used in the current study provides a satisfactory overall prediction of the plane turbulent wall jet flow,including the initial transition region,and the characteristic separation of the zero turbulent shear stress and zero shear strain locations.Oblique effusion patch cooling is modelled using a staggered array of 12 rows of effusion holes,drilled at 30° to the flat plate surface.The effusion holes connect two channels separated by the flat plate.Specifically,these comprise of a channel representing the combustion chamber flow and a cooling air supply channel.A difference in pressure between the two channels forces air from the cooling supply side,through the effusion holes,and into the combustion chamber side.Air from successive effusion rows coalesces to form an aerodynamic film between the combustion chamber main flow and the flat plate.In practical applications,this film is used to separate the hot combustion gases from the combustion chamber liner.The numerical model is shown to be capable of accurately predicting the injection,penetration,downstream decay,and coalescence of the effusion jets.In addition,the numerical model captures entrainment of the combustion chamber mainstream flow towards the wall by the presence of the effusion jets.Two contra-rotating vortices,with axes of rotation along the stream-wise direction,are predicted as a result of this entrainment.The presence and characteristics of these vortices are in good agreement with previous published research.