硅基ZnO薄膜组织形貌的研究

本文采用自行设计PECVD的设备生长ZnO薄膜,以在等离子体作用下的CO2/H2作为氧源,Zn(C2H5)2为锌源,N2为载气,在Si(111)衬底上生长ZnO薄膜,衬底温度分别为400℃、450℃。使用原子力显微镜和带能谱的环境扫描电镜分析这两个ZnO薄膜样品的表面和断面组织形貌。实验结果表明,衬底温度直接影响薄膜的结晶质量。在衬底温度为450℃时生长薄膜样品,晶粒之间存在有规律的聚集,主要按六方环结构排布,比在衬底温度为400℃生长的薄膜的晶粒之间的聚集更有规律,这与XRD测试结果相吻合;薄膜的断面组织形貌图也进一步证实了在衬底温度为450℃时生长的ZnO薄膜,C轴高度择优取向。从薄膜的断面组织形貌图还可以看到,薄膜与单晶硅衬底之间界面几乎是一条直线,样品经过高温退火处理,薄膜未出现裂纹或卷起,说明薄膜与单晶硅之间存在一定的化学键合。     

冲击射流流动换热超大涡模拟研究

为了准确预测发动机热端部件中广泛采用的冲击射流冷却复杂的流动和换热特性,发展了基于BSL k-ω模型的超大涡模拟(VLES)高精度模拟方法,并对高雷诺数Re=4×104,两种不同射流距离2和6的单孔冲击射流及三孔冲击射流这一经典的流动传热问题进行三维非稳态高精度数值计算。同时,将分离涡方法 (DDES)和k-ωSST,RNG,Transition SST三种RANS方法的数值模拟和开发的超大涡模拟(VLES)方法进行对比。研究表明,VLES方法均能够准确捕捉冲击射流流场的复杂非稳态流动及传热特征,包括自由射流区、壁面射流区小尺度涡系和大尺度湍流结构的演化和破碎,同时冲击壁面的换热系数计算结果与实验值吻合较好。DDES方法未能准确捕捉流场复杂的小尺度湍流结构,壁面换热计算结果与实验值差异较大。RANS方法计算的换热结果与实验数据差异最大,基本未能预测到壁面换热特性。在相同的计算网格和计算方法下,VLES方法计算结果优于DDES方法,DDES方法一般好于RANS方法。这表明新开发的VLES方法能够准确地计算冲击射流相关的流动及换热问题。     

基于热管技术的飞机电作动机构散热特性

针对飞机电作动机构在工作过程中发热严重的情况,开展了相关散热技术研究。利用试验数据拟合出电作动机构产热量的经验关系式,提出基于热管-燃油系统的飞机电作动机构冷却方法,建立描述电作动机构散热系统流动与传热过程的数值模型,并验证了其可靠性。通过数值模拟研究不同因素对散热系统散热性能的影响规律,结果表明:数值模拟与试验误差在14.6%以内;与自然对流散热相比,热管-燃油散热方式可使电作动器温升降低12.61%,对于驱动器,风扇冷却效果优于热管-燃油散热方式;当热管等效导热系数达到7 000 W/(m·K),电作动机构已达到较好的散热状态,继续增大热管等效导热系数对提高散热系统散热性能效果不明显。研究可为电作动机构高效散热系统的设计提供参考。     

高马赫数涡轮发动机射流预冷特性研究

射流预冷涡轮基发动机在高空高马赫数工作时对冷却水和液氧具有迫切的需求。本文以气液相变冷却机制为切入点，开展高空模拟试验进气预冷段内水-液氧射流冷却的数值分析，考虑真实雾滴颗粒运动的热力现象，基于欧拉-拉格朗日多相流方法解析气液两相热质传输过程，分析水-液氧混合射流对高马赫数涡轮发动机预冷段内流动及换热特性的影响规律。结果表明，水-液氧射流雾化蒸发的效果具有即时性，基于水雾-水蒸汽比热大和汽化焓高的特点，水雾浓度对主流总温降和总压恢复占主导性；而液氧浓度有利于降低湿空气的热流密度。在射流浓度2%-8%时，预冷段总压降系数为0.84%-1.27%，总温降系数范围为2.15%-15.12%，即温降范围为12.92K-90.89K。为平衡高空高马赫数时冷却水和液氧的需求，需控制水-液氧的射流比例，液氧射流量建议小于60%的总射流浓度。在“40%水-60%液氧”的射流比例时预冷段内流动和传热特性达到局部最优。在发动机物理转速不变时，射流冷却后预冷段内湿空气来流质量流量增幅0.22%-9.39%，其中空气和水蒸气含量的贡献份额分别约为71.8%和28.2%。因此，射流预冷有利于涡轮发动机在高马赫数时具有更高的加速度。     

叶片前缘气膜冷却效率的实验研究

采用放大的半圆柱状表面模拟涡轮叶片前缘的形状,对叶片前缘多排圆柱形孔的气膜冷却效率进行了实验研究。测出了孔排区及其下游的局部冷却效率。研究了主流雷诺数及平均吹风比对冷却效率及二次流(冷气)出流轨迹的影响。实验参数范围是:主流雷诺数Re=42000～127000,平均吹风比M=0.8～2.0,测量分8个工况进行。      

热处理细化Ti46Al8.5Nb0.2W合金的铸态组织

用风冷（ＧＦＣ）／回火再加在１０００～１２００℃之间的循环热处理的方法对Ｔｉ４６Ａｌ８．５Ｎｂ０．２Ｗ 合金的铸态合金的组织细化进行了研究。结果表明：风冷（ＧＦＣ）／回火处理能快速地破碎Ｔｉ４６Ａｌ８．５Ｎｂ０．２Ｗ 合金的铸态组织,得到双态组织（ＤＭ）,并且组织比较均匀。循环热处理是在１０００～１２００℃之间进行,循环热处理能有效地阻止已经存在的γ晶粒的异常长大,并且能使空冷形成的亚稳层片迅速均匀地等轴化成ＮＧ组织。     

简单转子系统油膜稳定界限的计算分析

对简单转子支承系统的油膜稳定区进行了计算研究.通过建立包含支承阻尼和转子外阻尼在内的弹性支承滑动轴承系统模型,计算了该转子系统的油膜稳定界限,并对稳定界限进行分析,讨论了提高转子系统稳定性的措施.分析结果表明:减小转子系统的刚度,是提高系统油膜稳定性的有效办法.     

Designing a power plant with highest efficiency:results from SFB 561

The goal of Collaborative Research Centre(SFB) 561 "thermally highly loaded,porous and cooled multi-layer systems for combined cycle power plants" is to expand the current technological and scientific knowledge on power plants in order to achieve total efficiencies of 65% in a combined cycle power plant in the year 2025.Therefore,the aero-thermomechanical,structural-mechanical,materials' scientific and production fundamentals for the development of steam and gas turbine components that are able to withstand highest thermal loads are being worked out within this SFB.This means for the gas turbine that combustion chamber outlet temperatures of 1520℃ at 1.7MPa are to be attained.In order to control these high temperatures,it is not only required to develop new materials' solutions,including thermal barrier coatings,but also to apply improved cooling techniques,as for example effusion cooling.This novel cooling concept is to be realised through open-porous structures.These structures can consist of drilled open-porous multi-layer systems or open-porous metallic foams.The development of graded multi-layer systems is also extremely important,as the grading will enable the use of coolant in dependence of the requirements.The live steam parameters in the high pressure turbine are expected to be increased up to approximately 700℃ with pressure of 30MPa.These elevated steam parameters can be encountered with Ni-base alloys,but this is a costly alternative,associated with many manufacturing difficulties.Therefore,the SFB proposes cooling the highly loaded turbines instead,as this would necessitate the application of far less Ni-base alloys.To protect the thermally highly loaded casing,a sandwich material consisting of two thin face sheets with a core of a woven wire mesh is used to cover the walls of the steam turbine casing.The current state of the research shows that by utilising innovative cooling technologies a total efficiency of 65% can be reached without exceeding the maximum allowable material temperature,thereby prolonging the life-span.      

Isothermal study of effusion cooling flows using a large eddy simulation approach

An isothermal numerical study of effusion cooling flow is conducted using a large eddy simulation(LES) approach.Two main types of cooling are considered,namely tangential film cooling and oblique patch effusion cooling.To represent tangential film cooling,a simplified model of a plane turbulent wall jet along a flat plate in quiescent surrounding fluid is considered.In contrast to a classic turbulent boundary layer flow,the plane turbulent wall jet possesses an outer free shear flow region,an inner near wall region and an interaction region,characterised by substantial levels of turbulent shear stress transport.These shear stress characteristics hold significant implications for RANS modelling,implications that also apply to more complex tangential film cooling flows with non-zero free stream velocities.The LES technique used in the current study provides a satisfactory overall prediction of the plane turbulent wall jet flow,including the initial transition region,and the characteristic separation of the zero turbulent shear stress and zero shear strain locations.Oblique effusion patch cooling is modelled using a staggered array of 12 rows of effusion holes,drilled at 30° to the flat plate surface.The effusion holes connect two channels separated by the flat plate.Specifically,these comprise of a channel representing the combustion chamber flow and a cooling air supply channel.A difference in pressure between the two channels forces air from the cooling supply side,through the effusion holes,and into the combustion chamber side.Air from successive effusion rows coalesces to form an aerodynamic film between the combustion chamber main flow and the flat plate.In practical applications,this film is used to separate the hot combustion gases from the combustion chamber liner.The numerical model is shown to be capable of accurately predicting the injection,penetration,downstream decay,and coalescence of the effusion jets.In addition,the numerical model captures entrainment of the combustion chamber mainstream flow towards the wall by the presence of the effusion jets.Two contra-rotating vortices,with axes of rotation along the stream-wise direction,are predicted as a result of this entrainment.The presence and characteristics of these vortices are in good agreement with previous published research.      

倍频激光分离膜的损伤特性研究

从激光分离膜的热损伤原理出发,建立了1064nm波长激光分离膜的损伤方程,并给出了损伤阈值的求解过程,在理论上分析了1064nm波长激光对SiO2薄膜材料的损伤特性;文中运用仿真方法得出激光照射过陧中薄膜内温度场随杂质位置不同的分布曲线。