Influence of ionospheric perturbations in GPS time and frequency transfer

The stability of GPS time and frequency transfer is limited by the fact that GPS signals travel through the ionosphere. In high precision geodetic time transfer (i.e. based on precise modeling of code and carrier phase GPS data), the so-called ionosphere-free combination of the code and carrier phase measurements made on the two frequencies is used to remove the first-order ionospheric effect. In this paper, we investigate the impact of residual second- and third-order ionospheric effects on geodetic time transfer solutions i.e. remote atomic clock comparisons based on GPS measurements, using the ATOMIUM software developed at the Royal Observatory of Belgium (ROB). The impact of third-order ionospheric effects was shown to be negligible, while for second-order effects, the tests performed on different time links and at different epochs show a small impact of the order of some picoseconds, on a quiet day, and up to more than 10 picoseconds in case of high ionospheric activity. The geomagnetic storm of the 30th October 2003 is used to illustrate how space weather products are relevant to understand perturbations in geodetic time and frequency transfer.     

增强碳/碳球锥切削中的最小热应力优化研究

对将增强碳/碳纤维块体切削成球锥外形的工艺,块体热膨胀系数异性轴指向可以极大地影响球锥热应力大小,存在优化设计的潜力。本文对增强碳/碳不同主轴方向弹性模量比值下的球锥最小热应力优化特性进行了研究,发现以1为界,不同模量对比关系下的优化特征是完全不同的。在本文加热条件下,当异性轴模量小于同性面模量时,优化曲线对温度场变化很敏感,以块体异性轴和球锥横截面成±42.9夹角时热应力最小;当异性轴模量大于同性面模量时,优化曲线随加热时间变化不大,以块体同性面与球锥对称轴平行或成小锐角时热应力最小。一般而言,工艺设计中应避免用模量大的主轴方向指向球锥对称轴方向。     

疏导热防护的冷却机制

利用固体介质快速传导特性进行防热是疏导热防护的一个重要机制,但现有的固体介质在高热流梯度区会出现净热流为负的现象,即流向传导的阻塞效应,它会严重影响高热流区的热量向低热流区的快速传递.本文提出的增加固体介质的导热系数和采用高温热管冷却是两个可以有效解决传导阻塞问题的方案.通过数值模拟评估了这二种方案对解决流向传递的阻塞问题的有效性,给出了一些规律性的结果.     

New field of application of the IRI modeling – Determination of ionosphere transfer characteristic for radio astronomical signals

We suggest a new field of application of IRI modeling – determination of ionosphere transfer characteristic (ITC) for radio astronomical signals (RAS). VHF and HF RAS are widely used for observations of the Sun and pulsars. It is necessary to take into account possible distortions of RAS in the Earth ionosphere. However, in contrast to modern navigation systems (GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO), where very accurate reconstruction of ionosphere parameters is a built-in function, in present-day radio astronomy a retrieve of ITC has not been appropriately worked out yet. It collides with increasing requirements to accuracy of the analysis of RAS amplitude profile and to the angular and polarizing resolution of radio telescopes of new generation. We have developed a method and software for calculation of the ionosphere measure of rotation (RM) and the measure of dispersion (DM). We used the ionosphere model IRI-2001, magnetic-field model IGRF-10 and values of ionosphere total electron content as deduced from GPS measurements. The obtained values of the ionosphere DM and RM were recalculated into characteristics of phase delay, Faraday amplitude modulation and polarization changes. We made calculations for different levels of geomagnetic activity and for different angular position of radio sources as well.     

热解气体燃烧对炭化复合材料烧蚀热响应影响规律

在近空间高超声速飞行器飞行时间长、马赫数不断增加的发展趋势下，热防护与轻量化的矛盾越来越突出。基于此，开展了热解气体燃烧对炭化复合材料表面烧蚀影响的相关数值模拟研究，并与风洞试验结果进行了对比。结果表明：热解气体的燃烧可降低炭化复合材料表面的烧蚀厚度，并且随着气动热的增加，热解气体燃烧对材料表面碳的保护作用越来越明显。研究成果可为下一代近空间高超声速飞行器热防护系统的优化设计提供技术支撑。     

Optimal steering law of refractive sail

The interaction between electromagnetic waves and matter is the working principle of a photon-propelled spacecraft, which extracts momentum from the solar radiation to obtain a propulsive acceleration. An example is offered by solar sails, which use a thin membrane to reflect the impinging photons. The solar radiation momentum may actually be transferred to matter by means of various optical phenomena, such as absorption, emission, or refraction. This paper deals with the novel concept of a refractive sail, through which the Sun’s light is refracted by crossing a film made of polymeric micro-prisms. The main feature of a refractive sail is to give a large transverse component of thrust even when the sail nominal plane is orthogonal to the Sun-spacecraft line. Starting from the recent literature results, this paper proposes a semi-analytical thrust model that estimates the characteristics of the propulsive acceleration vector as a function of the sail attitude angles. Such a mathematical model is then used to analyze a simplified Earth-Mars and Earth-Venus interplanetary transfer within an optimal framework.     

Ni18%和0Cr15Ni5Cu2Ti异种钢材电子束焊接工艺试验研究

对Ni18%和0Cr15Ni5Cu2Ti超高强度马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢异种钢材之间进行了电子束焊接工艺试验,就其工艺可焊性及接头性能、金相组织、焊缝质量、力学性能等开展研究,采用X-探伤、静载强度、金相观察、电镜扫描和能谱分析等检测手段对试件进行了分析并得出了相应结论。     

空气流速和自热效应对湿度传感器测量准确度的影响

通过对多种典型型号湿度传感器在不同空气流速条件下对同一相对湿度测量结果的变化的实验研究,得出了0～1.5 m/s流速范围内湿度传感器的示值随流速的变化趋势,即示值随流速增大而增大,总变化量最大达2%RH以上,且变化主要发生0.5 m/s以下的低流速情况下,同时传感器表面温度随流速增大而降低,两者变化趋势相互吻合。进一步分析表明,上述现象是湿度传感器的自热效应和空气与传感器之间的对流换热效应共同作用的结果,它给湿度传感器的测量结果带来新增不确定度。     

扭矩扳子检定装置量值传递相关问题探讨

通过对扭矩量值传递中有关器具工作原理及工作时受力的分析,指出了用扭矩扳子检定装置检定扭矩扳子时检定结果难以一致的原因,给出了解决办法,并进行了验证。     

具有周期性薄膜热源的多层介质非稳态传热数值仿真

为分析具有薄膜热源的多层介质非稳态传热问题,以某型飞机层合电加温风挡为例,构建了一种热流密度-温度边界条件,实现了薄膜热源热流和温度属性向多层介质内外两个方向上的实时传递,再现了薄膜热源温度对临近多层介质表面温度的影响,为具有薄膜热源的多层介质传热问题分析和加温控制规律设计提供了一种可行方法.