Substitution of satellite-based land surface temperature defective data using GSP method

Land surface temperature (LST) as an important environmental variable provides valuable information for earth environmental system modelling. Currently, LST is obtained through satellite thermal sensors at various spatial and temporal resolutions. Although spatially continuous satellite-based LST measurements are intended to overcome the shortcomings of sparse ground-based LST measurements, LST images often contain anomalous values due to the existence of clouds or sensor malfunctioning. The problem becomes more serious where the users deal with high spatial resolution characterized by low temporal resolution. This study examines the capability of a newly developed graph signal processing (GSP) method using two-dimensional single-date thermal data. For this purpose, four Landsat/TIRS datasets are analyzed. The data of five elliptical regions on thermal images are eliminated and then reconstructed through the GSP method and using the LST values of the enclosing rectangles containing the ellipsoids. The results indicate that the temperature variation determined by the GSP method generally conforms to the original image LST values. According to a correlation test conducted on the original image LST and those obtained through the GSP method, the values vary from 58% to 95%, which is an above-the-average rate (RMSE from 0.69 to 2.27). The statistical analysis of the original image LST in both the elliptical regions and the enclosing rectangles containing the ellipsoids indicates that an increase in the variance of LST data causes an increased error in the calculation of temperature by the GSP method, and vice versa. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan test indicated that an increase in the number of the non-zero spectral bins would result in increased RMSE values for all the dates and the regions. Moreover, the model errors were significant at the 0.05 level across all the image date and five elliptical study regions. Based on the results, the use of this method is recommended for the reconstruction of LST missing values, where dissimilarity of atmospheric conditions limits the use of other methods that depend on the time series data of various dates and a great deal of data calculation.     

Validation of non-linear split window algorithm for land surface temperature estimation using Sentinel-3 satellite imagery: Case study; Tehran Province,Iran

In recent years, land surface temperature (LST) has become critical in environmental studies and earth science. Remote sensing technology enables spatiotemporal monitoring of this parameter on large scales. This parameter can be estimated by satellite images with at least one thermal band. Sentinel-3 SLSTR data provide LST products with a spatial resolution of 1 km. In this research, direct and indirect validation procedures were employed to evaluate the Sentinel-3 SLSTR LST products over the study area in different seasons from 2018 to 2019. The validation method was based on the absolute (direct) evaluation of this product with field data and comparison (indirect) evaluation with the MODIS LST product and the estimated LST using the non-linear split-window (NSW) algorithm. Also, two emissivity estimation methods, (1) NDVI thresholding method (NDVI-THM) and (2) classification-based emissivity method (CBEM), were used to estimate the LST using the NSW method according to the two thermal bands of Sentinel-3 images. Then, the accuracy of these methods in estimating LST was evaluated using field data and temporal changes of vegetation, which the NDVI-THM method generated better results. For indirect evaluation between the Sentinel-3 LST product, MODIS LST product, and LST estimated using NSW, four filters based on spatial and temporal separates between pairs of pixels and pixel quality were used to ensure the accuracy and consistency of the compared pairs of a pixel. In general, the accuracy results of the LST products of MODIS and Sentinel-3, and LST estimated using NSW showed a similar trend for LST changes during the seasons. With respect to the two absolute and comparative validations for the Sentinel-3 LST products, summer with the highest values of bias (?1.24 K), standard deviation (StDv = 2.66 K), and RMSE (2.43 K), and winter with the lowest ones (bias of 0.14 K, StDv of 1.13 K, and RMSE of 1.12 K) provided the worst and best results for the seasons in the period of 2018–2019, respectively. According to both absolute and comparative evaluation results, the Sentinel-3 SLSTR LST products provided reliable results for all seasons on a large temporal and spatial scale over our studied area.     

月面高温下推力器可靠性试验

嫦娥五号着陆上升组合体落月后将经历月昼强红外辐射环境,由于推力器喷管导热影响,使推进剂管路与电磁阀面临高温环境,推进系统存在管路内氧化剂汽化和推力器性能下降甚至无法正常工作的问题,影响上升器月面起飞正常姿态控制。为了研究高温下推力器的工作性能,进行了高温下氟塑料阀芯与氧化剂相容性调研,提出了电磁阀和推力器可靠性增长及可靠性验证试验方法,分析了温度与电磁阀阀芯行程的关系,获取了高温环境下推力器的稳态及脉冲工作性能,在小子样条件下评估了推力器可靠性置信下限及月面起飞上升推进系统可靠度,通过月面高温排气及月面起飞上升姿态控制对研究结果进行了航天器在轨飞行验证,圆满完成了上升器月面起飞上升任务。所提出的研究方法及思路具有很好的工程适用性。     

小半径弯管弯胀复合成形研究

为解决小半径弯管内侧起皱、外侧减薄的成形缺陷,提出了一种弯胀复合成形的方法。通过几何关系解析了初始弯曲半径和初始管坯直径与最终管径和最终弯曲半径之间的关系,确定了初始弯曲半径的取值范围。采用有限元与实验相结合的方式研究了不同初始弯曲半径对零件壁厚分布的影响,分析了胀形过程中零件弯曲处及直壁处的变形规律。最终发现:初始弯曲半径越大,零件的最终减薄越小,胀形过程中弯曲处内外侧发生均匀减薄,直壁处内侧减薄明显大于外侧减薄。     

方形截面导弹动态摇滚特性研究

介绍了高速风洞自由摇滚实验技术的实验装置、实验方法、数据采集等.开展了方型截面导弹大迎角下的摇滚特性研究,给出了典型的结果,研究结果表明随着模型迎角的增加,方形截面导弹呈现不同的滚转运动形态,包括静态稳定、准极限环摇滚、双周期震荡和等速滚转.最后对摇滚的机理进行了探讨与分析.     

高温射流中粒子测速的脉冲激光显微照像技术

为了获得高温射流中微粒的速度,建立了一套显微照像系统.该系统由双脉冲YAG激光光源、粒子放大成像系统、图像接收系统组成.在采用显微成像技术、补偿式滤光技术、序列成像技术后,克服了喷射粒子直径小、流场发光强、温度高等困难,实现了对同一粒子的两序列照像,根据两幅序列照片,获得了粒子的喷射速度.对该系统的组成、原理及试验结果进行了介绍.     

侧向喷流的一种直接实验模拟

研究了侧向喷流的一种直接实验模拟技术,旨在探讨喷流力直接作用在天平上时,侧向喷流对气动载荷的影响及其增益情况。本文的直接模拟是通过一种通气式应变天平实现的。研究中分析了有关模拟原则,妥善处理了诸如高压气体密封、天平变形引发的漂移、干扰等相关技术问题,并在一尖拱柱构型上实现了多种条件下的直接模拟,给出了来流条件和喷口参数条件对法向力、俯仰力矩增益因子的影响。最后,就实验结果进行了适当讨论和评述。     

高速风洞引射式进排气动力模拟试验研究

为了测定具有埋入式进气道的某航弹发动机进排气对航弹的气动影响量 ,采用引射式动力模拟器在FL 7高速风洞 ,首次在国内成功地进行了高速风洞进排气动力模拟试验。试验模型缩比为 1∶1 0 ,M =0 .7,P0j/P∞ =2 .62 ,Cφ=0 .79。试验结果表明 ,有动力后XD,CL,CD增加 ,Cma减少。试验表明在高速风洞中对于小尺寸的试验模型 ,采用引射式动力模拟器开展进排气动力模拟试验是一种简便适用的好方法     

机场跑道耐冲磨混凝土的研究

针对机场跑道混凝土所处环境、受力特环以及对修补材料的性能要求，提出采用超塑化、膨胀、树脂掺入等复合手段，大幅度改善钢纤维混凝土基质材料的结构性能。通过高效粘结，充分发挥了钢纤维的增韧抗冲击作用，使这种有机无机复合、金属非金属复合的混凝土材料具有优异的抗冲击性和耐磨性。实验结果表明，机场跑道混凝土特别是飞机起降区域板块适合采用SPE－SFRC复合材料。在基础稳定的条件下，基本可在设计使用年限内无须大修，其社会、经济效益巨大。     

加权电压控制多路输出正激变换器的研究

研究了一种经济实用的多路输出DC／DC变换器的输出电压控制方法－加权电压控制，该方法可有效地改善多路输出变换器输出的稳态稳压精度和动态响应性能，对应用加权电压控制的两路输出正激变换器进行直流稳态分析，得出直流稳态等效电路模型和输出电路压数学表达式，分析了加权因子对输出电压的影响，给出了设计加权因子的原则和设计方法，通过样机实验，验证了该方法能够较好地实现多路输出稳压指标。