飞行高度对固体火箭两相喷焰流动与辐射的影响

固体火箭发动机喷焰的辐射特性对火箭目标探测与跟踪识别具有重要工程意义。本文针对某模型固体火箭发动机,基于欧拉离散相模型描述气-固两相相互作用,采用详细化学反应机理计算喷焰复燃效应,基于逐线积分法+米散射理论求解气体及粒子辐射物性参数,通过视在光线法计算辐射传输,并利用测量数据验证了本文模型的适用性,仿真分析了不同飞行高度对气固两相喷焰流动及辐射特性的影响。研究结果表明：随着飞行高度增加,喷焰中燃气与固体颗粒间相互作用减弱,且粒径越大的粒子与燃气间差异越大;两相喷焰受不同飞行高度上掺混与复燃效应程度差异的影响,致其温度分布和不同组分浓度分布存在显著差异;各高度下两相喷焰光谱辐射呈现气体选择性发射谱结构,其中高温Al2O3对辐射贡献主要集中在短波,且高度越高,影响越小;不同谱带间辐射特性受不同组分发射带影响而存在差异,且2.7μm和4.3μm两个主要发射带的辐射峰值出现在不同飞行高度。     

介质阻挡体放电对甲烷扩散火焰CH*自发辐射影响实验研究

为分析非平衡等离子体对空气/甲烷扩散火焰的助燃效果,实验以发射中心谱线430nm的激发态自由基CH*表征火焰燃烧状态,采用同轴圆柱构型激励器在高频交流模式下激发等离子体,分析了火焰CH*自发辐射图像、火焰高度、CH*径向分布和燃烧释热速率等火焰特性在不同空气流量和当量比下随放电电压的变化规律。结果表明：等离子体激励在空气流量较低时,会显著增强火焰上游甲烷燃烧,从而降低CH*空间分布高度和火焰高度;空气流量增大后,有利于促进甲烷充分燃烧,增大火焰下游CH*辐射强度和分布范围。在火焰上游区域,等离子体气动效应可有效扩展甲烷径向分布,实现剪切层更宽范围燃烧,其活化效应会明显提高剪切层燃烧强度,并随电压增大作用效果逐渐增强。此外,等离子体激励会使燃烧器喷嘴出口附近火焰释热速率显著增大,该现象在空气-甲烷动量比较大时更容易发生。     

涡轮叶尖镶嵌肋条对泄漏流场的影响

结合基于压力修正的采用雷诺应力湍流模型加壁面函数的三维计算流体力学程序,通过沿着叶尖表面加肋条以期减小叶尖间隙泄漏损失,对某一轴流涡轮转子叶尖表面镶嵌肋条对泄漏流场细节的影响进行了数值研究,并详细分析了不同肋条高度和肋条宽度对泄漏流场的影响.结果表明:肋条使得气流通过压力面肋条时出现分离形成回流区,阻碍泄漏流动,减小泄漏损失;肋条高度h对涡轮效率有较大影响,且有个最佳肋条高度值,在最佳肋条高度下涡轮效率提高0.13%;肋条宽度w对流场影响不大,但小肋条宽度形成较大的空腔,可以稍提高涡轮效率.      

涡轮叶栅叶尖间隙流实验研究(英文)

This article describes the effects of some factors on the tip clearance flow in axial linear turbine cascades. The measurements of the total pressure loss coefficient are made at the cascade outlets by using a five-hole probe at exit Mach numbers of 0.10, 0.14 and 0.19. At each exit Mach number, experiments are performed at the tip clearance heights of 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% of the blade height. The effects of the non-uniform tip clearance height of each blade in the pitchwise direction are also studied. The results show that at a given tip clearance height, generally, total pressure loss rises with exit Mach numbers proportionally. At a fixed exit Mach number, the total pressure loss augments nearly proportionally as the tip clearance height increases. The increased tip clearance heights in the tip regions of two adjacent blades are to be blame for the larger clearance loss of the center blade. Compared to the effects of the tip clearance height, the effects of the exit Mach number and the pitchwise variation of the tip clearance height on the cascade total pressure loss are so less significant to be omitted.     

半模试验翼身组合体垫块的数值模拟分析

采用数值模拟方法研究存在风洞侧壁边界层影响时垫块厚度和修型对翼身组合体气动特性的影响.本文采用Jameson中心有限体积、多步Runge-Kutta时间推进格式求解三维可压、雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,引入Baldwin-Lomax湍流模型,分析了垫块厚度和修型对DLR-F4翼身组合体半模型气动力和局部流场的影响.通过本文计算得出的结论对于跨声速半模型风洞试验垫块优化设计具有重要的指导意义,能更好地提高风洞试验数据的精准度和试验技术水平.     

多普勒导航雷达测高自校信号的分析

本文详细分析了采用周期自动校准技术的多普勒导航雷达测高装置自校时的信号关系。在数学分析的基础上,作者认为,为保证在高度测量时稳定获取自校信号,应调节馈线的长度(微波相位)。实验证明,分析是正确的。     

探头式结冰探测器安装位置分析

通过求解雷诺时均Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程获得空气流场,采用欧拉法求解水滴运动场获得水滴运动轨迹.通过计算来流液态水含量等值线距离部件表面的垂直距离,获得部件不同位置上的广义水滴遮蔽高度.研究了不同飞行条件和气象条件下的广义水滴遮蔽高度大小.根据探头式结冰探测器安装位置要求确定探头式结冰探测器的合理安装区域.通过分析不同的状态参数对广义水滴遮蔽高度的影响,为结冰探测器安装位置计算状态参数的选取提供了数据支持.      

嫦娥二号月球卫星CCD立体相机在轨图像分析

嫦娥二号月球卫星从2010年10月1日发射至今,已在轨运行近2年,除全部完成预定的工程与科学目标外,还完成了若干扩展科学试验。CCD立体相机获得了月球虹湾地区的35轨空间分辨率约为1．3m的局域立体图像,以及7m空间分辨率、100％覆盖的全月立体图像,是迄今为止国际上分辨率最高、最清晰的全月立体图像。文章在简要介绍在轨图像获取情况的基础上,对15km／100km椭圆轨道及100km圆轨道上获取的图像进行了分析,重点讨论了拍摄时的太阳高度角对图像视觉效果以及图像信息量的影响,可为中国今后探测其他星球提供一定的参考。     

Performance analysis of variable speed tail rotors with Gurney flaps

Gurney Flaps (GFs) are used for improving the performance of variable speed tail rotors. A validated analytical helicopter model able to predict the main and tail rotor power is utilized. The fixed height GF has substantially small influence on the tail rotor power in hover and low to medium speed forward flight, and can obtain significant power reduction in high speed flight. This ability can be enhanced by decreasing the tail rotor speed. With the deployment of GF, the collective pitch of the tail rotor decreases, and the maximum tail rotor thrust increases. The GF can compensate the reduction of the maximum thrust by the decrease in the tail rotor speed. The GF with a height of 5% of the chord length can almost remedy 50% of the thrust reduction introduced by decreasing 10% of the tail rotor speed. With the increase of GF height, the maximum thrust generated by the tail rotor increases. The GF with larger height can cause the increase in the tail rotor power in hover and low to medium speed flight. The retractable GF can obtain more power savings than the fixed height GF. However, the benefit is substantially small even in high speed flight. Considering the side effects introduced by the active GF, the fixed height GF may be more preferable. The mechanism for the retractable GF to generate more tail rotor thrust is to increase the lift in advancing side due to the higher dynamic pressure.     

IV: GEODESY: Remarks on the Role of Height Datum in Altimetry-Gravimetry Boundary-Value Problems

The problem of global geoid determination is usually solved using satellite altimetry data on the oceans, together with an oceanographic model of sea surface topography, and gravity anomaly data on the continents. Such data, however, enable to obtain only potential differences with respect to a reference surface whose absolute potential is unknown. This situation suggests to modify the classical mixed boundary-value problem of physical geodesy by inserting into the boundary conditions an unknown additive constant, that must be determined by imposing a suitable additional constraint. Yet, such formulation of the boundary-value problem, from the point of view of its mathematical properties, is not unconditionally well-posed, and, furthermore, does not reflect faithfully the available physical model, as the present knowledge of ocean circulation does not allow to connect along coastlines the reference surfaces defined on the oceans and on the continents. The introduction of two different unknown additive constants, one for the oceans and one for the earth, to be determined by imposing two additional constraints, gives rise to a more faithful picture of the present physical knowledge, and, at the same time, to a new well-posed formulation of the boundary-value problem. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.